Tag Archives: CP

Konikh to Korostyshevsky

Red Scare Deportees, , , , ,

Gerasim Konikh (a.k.a. John Konik)

Born: Grodnia, Russia (present-day Poland)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the Union of Russian Workers in Youngstown, Ohio in 1919. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919 and deported aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919.

After his return to Russia, he was sentenced around 1925 to five years in the Solovki prison camp as an anarchist. In 1930, reportedly “entirely in broken health,” he was sentenced to an additional three years of internal exile in Arkhangelsk.

Sources: INS file 54709/545; FBI file OG 378976; Bulletin of the Relief Fund of the International Working Men’s Association for Anarchists and Anarcho-Syndicalists Imprisoned or Exiled in Russia, November–December 1930.

Aleksandr Konon (or Kornen; Konol)

Born: 1894, Grodno, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Belarusian
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

A member of the Newark branch of the Union of Russian Workers. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919 and deported aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54709/352.

Pavel Konon (or Konen; a.k.a. Paul)

Born: Minsk, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Belarusian
Occupation: Miner
Migration: Immigrated to US 1914
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

A member of the Communist Party of America arrested in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, and deported to Russia on February 1, 1921. His wife and four children remained in Russia.

Sources: FBI file OG 389419.

John Konopatsky (a.k.a. Anton Konopatsky)

Born: 1895, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration: Immigrated to US 1914
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Initially a member of the Left Wing of the Socialist Party of America and later joined the Russian Branch of the Communist Party in Bayonne, New Jersey. Arrested in Newark during the second Palmer Raids in January 1920 and deported on January 22, 1921. Had a wife and three children in the United States.

Sources: INS file 54860/163; FBI file OG 384085.

Ignatz Konoval (or Ignance Konowal)

Born: 1894, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Polish
Occupation:
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

A member of the Polish Branch of the Communist Party of America in Elizabeth, New Jersey. Arrested during the second Palmer Raids in January 1920 and deported on December 23, 1920.

Sources: The Courier-News (Bridgewater, New Jersey), December 22, 1920.

Benjamin Kontrowitz (or Kontorovich; a.k.a. Berl Kanterowicz; B. Kanter)

Born: 1882, Ekaterinoslav, Russia (present-day Dnipro, Ukraine)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Jewish
Occupation: Silk weaver
Migration: Immigrated to US 1916
Affiliation: Communist Party of America; IWW

A former member of the Left Wing of the Socialist Party of America and joined the Russian Federation of the Communist Party of America in 1919. He served as recording secretary, an executive board member, and a lecturer for its Paterson, New Jersey branch, and was a delegate to the First Convention of the Jewish Communist Federation in October 1919. Also a member of the IWW’s Textile Workers’ Industrial Union. Arrested during the second Palmer Raids in January 1920, he was deported on November 23, 1920. He was married and had a son living in Paterson.

Sources: INS file 54810/67; FBI file OG 380782.

Vasily Mitin Konyakin (or Vasil Koniakin; a.k.a. Vasil Mitin)

Born: 1873, Saratov, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Rubber worker
Migration: Immigrated to US 1912
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the Union of Russian Workers in 1917 and became an officer in its Akron, Ohio branch. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919 and deported aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54709/227.

Feodor Korini (a.k.a. Frank; Korano; Karoni; Butzki)

Born: c. 1888, Chernihiv, Russia (present-day Ukraine)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Served as financial secretary of Russian Branch No. 2 of the Communist Party in Philadelphia under the pseudonym “Butzki.” Arrested in January 1920, he denied the identity, but multiple witnesses identified him as such. An immigration inspector characterized his testimony as “shifting, evasive, and evidently untruthful in material particulars.” He was deported to Russia on February 26, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54809/873.

Zys Korostyshevsky (or Zusil; a.k.a. Joe Kraus)

Born: 1897, Radomyshl, Russia (present-day Ukraine)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Jewish
Occupation: Garment worker
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Anarchist

Became a Tolstoyan anarchist in the US, embracing pacifism and agrarian ideals. Arrested in Chicago in June 1917, but the deportation warrant was canceled for lack of evidence. Arrested again in January 1919, he was ultimately deported on March 12, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54235/35.

Korotkov to Kovalenko

Red Scare Deportees, , , ,

Vasily Korotkov (a.k.a. Krotokoff; Koratkoff; Keratkoff)

Born: c. 1875, Saratov Oblast, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration: Immigrated to US 1909
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

His wife remained in Russia while he emigrated. In the U.S. he joined the Union of Russian Workers. Arrested in Seattle in December 1919 and deported to Russia on February 1, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54860/526; FBI file OG 389407.

Gregory Koroviansky (a.k.a. George Karoff)

Born: 1891, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Migrated to Argentina 1912; then to US 1914
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the Union of Russian Workers in Buffalo in 1919. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919 and deported aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919. His wife and child remained in Russia.

Sources: INS file 54709/145.

Anton Korshikov (a.k.a. Tony Korschikoff)

Born: 1895, Grodno, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Belarusian
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1914
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Described himself as “a fugitive from Czarism.” He was arrested and beaten while attending an arithmetic class at the Union of Russian Workers’ People’s House in New York during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919 and was deported aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54709/455.

Wacław Kosiorek

Born: 1894, Russian Poland
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Polish
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US year unknown
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Joined Detroit’s Polish Branch No. 8 of the Socialist Party in 1914, which later transferred into the Communist Party. Arrested December 29, 1919 and “voluntarily departed” on October 16, 1920, traveling to Russia via Canada and England.

Sources: INS file 54709/860.

Mike Koslick

Born: c. 1889, Pyatigorsk, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Weaver
Migration: Immigrated to US 1911
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Joined the Socialist Party in Philadelphia in 1918 and then the city’s First Russian Branch of the Communist Party in 1919. Arrested in January 1920, he declared, “I am willing to go back to Russia if the Government will deport me.” Seported on February 1, 1921 aboard the SS Estonia. He was married, though records are unclear whether his wife resided in Russia or the United States.

Sources: INS file 54811/936.

Logvin Kostevich (a.k.a. Lenohon or Louis Kostevich)

Born: 1894, Povusk, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Ukrainian
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1912
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the “Russian Workmen’s Organization” in Baltimore in 1917 and transferred in 1919 into Branch No. 2 of the Union of Russian Workers. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919 and deported aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54709/420.

Gabriel Kosticovitch (pr Kosticowitsc)

Born: 1882, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration: Immigrated to US 1916
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

A member of Russian Branch No. 3 of the Communist Party of America in Detroit. Arrested during the second Palmer Raids in January 1920, he “voluntarily departed” the United States via Canada on October 16, 1920.

Sources: FBI file 202600-1380-1.

Konstantin Koszko

Born: c. 1897, Zasieki, Russia (present-day Poland)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Polish
Occupation: Butcher; meatpacker
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Anarchist

Became an anarchist around 1917 and joined the Anarchist-Communist Groups of the United States and Canada. Arrested in Cleveland in February 1921, he defined anarchism by stating: “An Anarchist is a man who understands the ‘Blood-suckers’ of the world and its parasites, who are a menace to society, and understanding that, no man can be anything else but an Anarchist.” Deported to Russia on March 18, 1921.

Sources: INS file 55009/23.

Anton Kotiak

Anton Kotiak’s URW membership card. National Archives.

Born: 1895, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Drafted into the US Army in November 1918 but honorably discharged in March 1919 at his request as an unnaturalized alien. Around September 1919 he joined the Bridgeport, Connecticut branch of the Union of Russian Workers. Arrested in Hartford during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he was deported aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54709/386; FBI file OG 389393.

Maxwell Kotick (a.k.a. Kotik; Kutick)

Maxwell Kotick’s Communist Party membership card. National Archives

Born: c. 1890, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Jewish
Occupation: Clerk
Migration: Immigrated to US 1910
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

A widower who was literate in English, Yiddish, Russian, and German. He joined the Socialist Party in 1912 and transferred in October 1919 to the Russian Branch of the Communist Party in Philadelphia. Arrested January 2, 1920, he was deported to Russia on February 1, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54810/820; FBI file OG 389320.

Dionisiy Ivanovich Koval (a.k.a. Daniel Kowal; Danny Cowas)

Born: 1884, Lutsk Raion, Russia (present-day Ukraine)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Ukrainian
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Migrated to Canada 1913; then to US 1914
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the Union of Russian Workers in New York in 1919 and escaped arrest during the Palmer Raids on the Russian People’s House in November of that year. He relocated to Waterbury, Connecticut, where he joined the Union of Russian Citizens (an umbrella organization for Russian progressives). Arrested in March 1920, he was deported on January 22, 1921. His wife and two children remained in Russia.

Sources: INS file 54861/332; FBI file OG 384417.

Foma Koval (a.k.a. Tom Coval)

Koval’s Communist Party card. National Archives.

Born: 1891, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Belarusian
Occupation: Blacksmith
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Joined Buffalo’s Russian Branch of the Socialist Party of America, then the Communist Party of America in September 1919. Deported to Russia on February 26, 1921.

Sources: INS file 554809/438.

Fedor Kovalchuk (a.k.a. Kowalchuk; O.K. Ovalchuk, Olvanichuk)

Born: 1900, Lachka, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Autoworker
Migration: Immigrated to US 1914
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

A member of the Communist Party of America in Philadelphia. He was deported to Russia on February 1, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54811/967; Philadelphia Inquirer, February 1, 1921.

Evgraf Kovalenko (a.k.a. Efgram; Kovaleko; E. Koval)

Born: 1885, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration: Migrated to England 1906; then to Germany; then Canada 1912; and finally to US 1917
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

His wife and two children remained in Russia. Joined the Union of Russian Workers in Pittsburgh and was described by local authorities as “one of the worst radicals in the city.” Arrested in May 1919, he was deported aboard the Buford on December 21 of that year.

At an unknown later date, he and his family were sentenced to internal Russian exile in the Omsk region of Siberia.

Sources: INS file 54616/176; FBI file OG 8000-360780; https://ru.openlist.wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87.

Feodosiy Kovalenko (a.k.a. Fred Konert)

Born: 1892, Minsk, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Belarusian
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Migrated to Canada 1911; then to US 1915
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined Branch No. 2 of the Union of Russian Workers in Detroit in February 1918 and distributed Russian anarchist and IWW publications. Arrested in May 1919, he was deported January 22, 1921.

He appears to have illegally returned to the United States, where in 1939 he was active in Detroit’s Dielo Truda Group and described as a comrade “capable of doing great work of the organizational-educational type in the movement.”

Sources: INS file 54616/187; FBI file OG 369234; Lazar Lipotkin, The Russian Anarchist Movement in North America.

Kovalevich to Kozy

Red Scare Deportees, , ,

Fedor Kovalevich (a.ka. Frank Kowalawich)

Born: 1896, Grodno, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Belarusian
Occupation: Rubber worker
Migration: Immigrated to US 1914
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Worked for B. F. Goodrich and spent nearly a year in the US Army stationed at Camps Sheridan and Jackson in Alabama. He joined the Akron branch of the Union of Russian Workers in April 1919 and told immigration agents, “By Internationalism I mean that there should not be different countries or different nations.” He was deported aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54709/534; FBI file OG 376750.

Iakov Kovalevich (a.k.a. John or Jacob Kowalewich)

Born: 1889, Minsk, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Belarusian
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to the US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Formerly a member of the Socialist Party of America before joining the Hartford branch of the Union of Russian Workers in September 1919. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he was deported aboard the Buford on December 21 of that year. His wife remained in Russia.

Sources: INS file 54709/402.

Ilya Kovalsky (a.k.a. Louis Kowalsky; Kuznetz)

Kovalsky’s URW membership card. National Archives.

Born: Russia, year unknown
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration:
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

A member of the Union of Russian Workers arrested in Ansonia, Connecticut during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919 and deported aboard the Buford on December 21 of that year. His immigration file is incomplete.

Sources: INS file 54709/496.

Józef Kowalski (a.k.a. Joseph or Joe; A. Gorny; Jan Gómy)

Source: Don Binkowski Papers, Walter P. Reuther Library, Wayne State University.

Born: 1890, Łódź, Russia (present-day Poland)
Nationality: Polish
Ethnicity: Polish
Occupation: Silk weaver; editor
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

A member of the left faction of the Polish Socialist Party in Łódź, where he distributed illegal literature and was imprisoned from 1907 to 1910 for assaulting a foreman.

In the United States he worked as a silk weaver in Paterson, New Jersey, joined the Polish Section of the Socialist Party of America, and participated in strikes in Passaic and Philadelphia. By 1919 he was secretary of the Polish Federation of the SPA, on the executive board of its newspaper Głos Robotniczy, a delegate to the founding convention of the Communist Party of America. Became a member of the CP’s central committee and secretary of its Polish Bureau. Arrested in Kansas City in September 1919 for making a “disloyal and inflammatory speech,” he was imprisoned for unlawful assembly and deported to Poland upon his release on March 17, 1921.

Made his way to Moscow, where his wife and child later joined him, and briefly served as a court investigator for Butyrka Prison and attended the Third Congress of the Comintern in July 1921 under the name “Jan Gómy.”

He illegally returned to the United States via Canada in 1922 to organize on behalf of the Comintern but was arrested in New York and sentenced to eighteen months in federal prison. After his release both Poland and Russia refused to issue passports for deportation, leaving him free on bail. He later served on the Executive Board of the Communist Party and administered the newspaper Glos Ludowy, founded in 1923, eventually settling in Detroit. During the 1930s he was a district manager for the Daily Worker, a section leader in CP District No. 7, coeditor of the monthly Trybuna (1936–1938).

He returned to Poland in 1949, joined the ruling Polish United Workers’ Party, and held various administrative posts. Died in Łódź in 1960.

Sources: INS file 54709/486 (missing); FBI file OG 8000-143411; New York Herald, August 9, 1922; Don Binkowski Papers, Walter P. Reuther Library; Jacob Spolansky, The Communist Trail in America; Don Binkowski, Poles Together: Leo Krzycki and Polish Americans in the American Labor Movement; Zygmunt Pietrzak, “Kowalski Józef (1890-1960),” Słownik biograficzny działaczy polskiego ruchu robotniczego, vol. 3.

Matthew Kozario (a.k.a. Kosario; Kozaric; Kosaric)

Born:
Nationality: Yugoslavian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration:
Affiliation: Unknown

Deported to Yugoslavia on April 14, 1920 as a radical. No further information has been located.

Sources: INS file 54325/36G.

Ivan Kozlik (a.k.a. John Cozich; Gustko)

Born: 1893, Kiev, Russia (present-day Ukraine)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Ukrainian
Occupation: Machinist
Migration: Immigrated to US 1908
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the Elizabeth, New Jersey branch of the Union of Russian Workers in 1917. Arrested in New York during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he was deported aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54709/363.

Vasil Kozlov (a.k.a. Kozlow)

Born: 1893, Gomel, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Belarusian
Occupation: Miner
Migration: Immigrated to US 1911
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Worked as a hauler in the Jamison No. 9 coal mine in Farmington, West Virginia. Like many members of the Union of Russian Workers, he had farmed in Russia before emigrating, explaining: “There were many people in the village where I lived and they received letters telling that we could make more money in America, so I decided to come.” Arrested December 1, 1919, he was deported aboard the Buford on December 21 of that year.

Sources: INS file 54709/601; FBI file OG 8000-379018.

Vasily Kozlovch

Born: 1896, Grodno, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Belarusian
Occupation: Machinist
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Joined the Socialist Party before becoming a member of Detroit’s Russian Branch No. 1 of the Communist Party. Arrested January 1920 and held at Fort Wayne, he was deported to Russia on February 26, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54860/379.

Osip Kozorez (a.k.a. Joseph Koza; Joe Koza)

Born: 1881, Minsk, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Belarusian
Occupation:
Migration: Immigrated to US 1914
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the Union of Russian Workers in Newark in January 1919. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he participated in a five-day hunger strike on Ellis Island protesting installation of a wire screen separating detainees from visitors. Deported aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919. His wife and four children remained in Russia.

Sources: INS file 54709/342; FBI file OG 379013.

Ivan Kozy (a.k.a. John Kozy)

Born: 1894, Uman, Russia (present-day Ukraine)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Ukrainian
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Migrated to Canada 1914; then to US March 1919
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Crossed into the United States at Niagara Falls in March 1919 and joined the Union of Russian Workers in Philadelphia. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he was deported aboard the Buford on December 21 of that year.

Sources: INS file 54709/332.

Krachie to Krutz

Red Scare Deportees, , , ,

Pavel Krachie (a.k.a. Paul; Kreczin)

Born: 1891, Saratov, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Served in the Russian Army in the Caucasus before emigrating.

In the United States he worked for the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company in Akron, Ohio, and joined the Union of Russian Workers around 1915. Arrested in December 1917 for attempting to organize a strike of rubber workers and released on bail. Deported on January 22, 1921. His wife remained in Russia.

Sources: INS file 54235/158.

Tikon Krasnov (a.k.a. Tehon Krassnoff)

Born: 1888, Kiev, Russia (present-day Ukraine)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Ukrainian
Occupation: Carpenter; miner
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the Philadelphia branch of the Union of Russian Workers and in November 1919 organized an eight-member URW branch in Barracksville, West Virginia, at Jamieson Coal and Coke Company Mine No. 7. Arrested December 2, 1919, “in possession of a considerable amount of anarchistic literature,” he was deported aboard the Buford on December 21. His wife and three children remained in Russia.

Sources: INS file 54709/625; FBI file OG 389365.

Faras Kravchuk

Born: 1894, Komarów, Russia (present-day Poland)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Polish
Occupation: Factory worker
Migration: Migrated to Canada 1914; then to US 1916
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Joined the Socialist Party in 1919 and later became a member of Detroit’s Russian Branch No. 4 of the Communist Party. Arrested in January 1920, he was deported to Russia on March 18, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54859/972.

Peter Krawchuk

Born: 1885, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Migrated to Canada 1912 or 1913; immigrated to US 1916; returned to Canada 1917; reentered US 1918
Affiliation: Industrial Workers of the World; Communist Party of America

Joined IWW Branch no. 517 in Spokane in 1919. Arrested January 4, 1920 at the Detroit Communist Party’s House of the Masses, he answered “Yes” when asked whether he believed in Communist Party doctrine. Held at Fort Wayne, he was deported March 18, 1921. His wife and child remained in Russia.

Sources: INS file 54860/27.

Natale Krilete (a.k.a. Boso)

Born: Austria-Hungary
Nationality: Austrian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration: Immigrated to US year unknown
Affiliation:

Deported as a radical to Austria on June 29, 1920. No further information has been located.

Sources: Included on list of deported radicals in INS file 54325/36G.

Alexander Krishtal (a.k.a. Aleksey Kryshtall)

Born: 1893, Minsk, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Belarusian
Occupation:
Migration: Immigrated to US 1907
Affiliation: Anarchist

Deported to Russia on February 26, 1921 but was refused entry at Libau, along with several other deportees, because of his anarchist beliefs. In response, he coauthored “An Open Letter to the Russian Premier Lenin.”

He later returned to the United States and lived in the anarchist colony at Mohegan, New York, into at least the 1940s. He died in Lindenhurst, New York, in 1961.

Sources: Free Society (New York), Oct.–Nov. 1921; Ancestry.com.

Felip Krishtepowich

Born: Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration: Immigrated to US year unknown
Affiliation:

Deported as a radical to Russia on October 16, 1920. No further information has been located.

Sources: INS file 54325/36G.

Teodor Krishtop (a.k.a. Theodore Krishtiop)

Born: 1885, Chernihiv, Russia (present-day Ukraine)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Ukrainian
Occupation: Miner
Migration: Immigrated to US 1914
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Worked at Jamieson Coal and Coke Company Mine No. 9 in Farmington, West Virginia. He joined both the Union of Russian Workers and the United Mine Workers. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he was described as being “of a surly, non-communicative disposition” and deported aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919. His wife and two children remained in Russia.

Sources: INS file 54709/598.

Maxim Kruk (a.k.a. Max Kroock)

Born: 1881, Volhynia, Russia (present-day Ukraine)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Ukrainian
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1911
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Worked at Detroit’s Studebaker Plant No. 3. Joined Ukrainian Branch No. 1 of the Socialist Party in Detroit in 1911, which in 1919 became Ukrainian Branch No. 22 of the Communist Party of America. Arrested during the second Palmer Raids in January 1920 and held at Fort Wayne, he “voluntarily departed” for Russia via Canada on October 14, 1920.

Sources: INS file 54859/778; FBI file BS 202600-714-1.

Pavel Krupka (a.k.a. Paul Krupkie; Krupkic)

Born: 1893, Grodno, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Belarusian
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1914
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Worked for the Republic Rubber Company and joined the Union of Russian Workers in Youngstown, Ohio, in 1919. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he was deported aboard the Buford on December 21 of that year.

Sources: INS file 54709/195.

John Krutz

Born: 1888, Kyiv, Russia (present-day Ukraine)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Ukrainian
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Migrated to Canada 1914; then to US 1918
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Worked for the Ford Motor Company in Dearborn. He joined the Socialist Party around 1918 and later transferred to Detroit’s Russian Branch No. 3 of the Communist Party. Arrested January 4, 1920, he was deported March 18, 1921. His wife and three children remained in Russia.

Sources: INS file 54859/962.

Kubinskis to K_____

Red Scare Deportees, , , , , ,

Stanislovas Kubinskis (a.k.a. Stanley Kubinsky)

Born: 1897, Kovno, Russia (present-day Lithuania)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Lithuanian
Occupation: Carpenter; miner; laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1914
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Belonged to the Russian Social Democratic Party before emigrating.

In the United States he worked as a coal miner, and later for Ford Motor Company in Detroit. In 1915 he joined the Lithuanian Branch of the Socialist Party of America, which transferred into the Communist Party of America in 1919. Arrested April 22, 1919, “while distributing radical literature on a Michigan Avenue street car,” he declared his belief in “the soviet form of government.” Deported February 1, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54616/165.

Michael Kucher

Born:
Nationality:
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration: Immigrated to US year unknown
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Served as recording secretary of the Jersey City branch of the Communist Party of America. Arrested during the second Palmer Raids in January 1920, he was deported March 30, 1920 to “Galicia” (likely either Poland or Ukraine). No further information has been located.

Sources: INS file 54325/36G; FBI file OG 380877.

Efrem Kucher

Born: Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration: Immigrated to US year unknown
Affiliation:

Arrested in Brooklyn during the second Palmer Raids in January 1919 and deported as a radical to Russia on December 23, 1920. No further information has been located.

Sources: INS file 54325/36G; The Standard Union (Brooklyn), Dec. 23, 1920.

Alek Grigorov Kuchinsky

Born: c. 1884, Vilna, Russia (present-day Vilnius, Lithuania)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Textile worker
Migration: Immigrated to US 1912
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the Union of Russian Workers in Norwich, Connecticut, in September 1919. Arrested in January 1920, he was deported to Russia on February 26, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54861/9.

Mikal Kudreyko (a.k.a. Peter Kravchuk; Michael Kravchuk)

Mid-Week Pictorial, January 1, 1920.

Born: 1883, Pruzhany, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Belarusian
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

His wife and child remained in Russia during his emigration. Became secretary of a Detroit branch of the Union of Russian Workers. Arrested in July 1918 at a radical picnic, he admitted he was “an anarchist, and proud of it.” After moving to New York he became secretary of the Housewreckers’ Union and coeditor of the URW paper Khlieb i Volia. Arrested with its editorial team in August 1919 and indicted for “criminal anarchy,” he falsely claimed he had left the URW in 1918 “because I thought this organization is not radical enough.” Deported aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Reportedly died in Russia soon thereafter.

Sources: INS file 54554/23; Mid-Week Pictorial, January 1, 1920; Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America.

Simon Kuish (a.k.a. Sam)

Born: 1895, Grodno, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Belarusian
Occupation: Rubber worker
Migration: Immigrated to US 1912
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the Union of Russian Workers in Youngstown, Ohio, in 1919. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he was deported aboard the Buford on December 21.

Sources: INS file 54709/193.

Ivan Kulak (a.k.a. John)

Born: Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration: Immigrated to US year unknown
Affiliation:

Deported as a radical to Russia on November 27, 1920. No further information has been located.

Sources: INS file 54325/36G.

Roman Kulich (a.k.a. Kovalevich)

Born: 1895, Grodno, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Belarusian
Occupation: Machinist
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Belonged to Detroit’s Russian Branch No. 1 of the Communist Party. Arrested January 1920, he was deported February 26, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54859/722.

Mark Kulish (or Kulesch; Kulesh)

Born: 1890, Vilna, Russia (present-day Lithuania)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer; factory inspector
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

During the First World War he worked first as a factory laborer and later as a US arms factory inspector for the Russian Commission. Joined the Union of Russian Workers in Hartford, Connecticut, around 1916 and became secretary of the URW branch in South Manchester in 1919. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919 and falsely suspected of being a “bomb-maker,” he was deported aboard the Buford on December 21. His wife and child remained in Russia.

Sources: INS file 54709/256; Hartford Courant, December, 22, 1919; https://connecticuthistory.org/the-red-scare-in-connecticut/.

Nikolai Kuropato (a.k.a. Koroptko)

Born: 1890, Rokitnica, Grodno, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Belarusian
Occupation: Longshoreman
Migration: Immigrated to US 1910
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the Newark branch of the Union of Russian Workers in 1919. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he was deported aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54709/345.

Tony Kurson (a.k.a. Kirsion; Kirson)

Born: 1884, Kiev, Russia (present-day Ukraine)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1909
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the Luch Society in Ansonia, Connecticut, around 1917, which federal authorities claimed was a branch of the Union of Russian Workers, though he denied this. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he was deported aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54709/326; FBI file OG 382937.

Michael Kusbit

Born: Austria-Hungary
Nationality: Austrian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration: Immigrated to US year unknown
Affiliation:

Deported as a radical to Austria on May 8, 1920. No further information has been located.

Sources: INS file 54325/36G.

Fedor Kushnarev (a.k.a. Theodore Kushnareff; Theodore Alexander Casher; Alexander Dalny or Dalney)

Fedor Kushnarev, 1919. National Archives.

Born: 1898, Kiev, Russia (present-day Ukraine)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Jewish
Occupation: Student; laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Migrated to the UW with his parents and five younger siblings; his father died less than a year later. After graduating high school in New Haven he attended New York University. Joined the Union of Russian Workers around 1917–1918, organized a URW branch in New Haven, and in 1919 became financial secretary of the URW branch in South Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Arrested there in March 1919 under the pen name Alexander Dalney, the case was dismissed. In New York he coedited Khlieb i Volia. Arrested several more times under different names, he was last arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919. He requested permission for his companion, anarchist organizer Rose Pesotta, to accompany him if deported. Deported aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919.

In Russia, arrested in Crimea in 1920 and sentenced to five years in a prison camp for “propaganda of libertarian ideas” and allegedly taking up arms against the Soviet government, but was later released after authorities deemed his imprisonment an error. He later concluded that “to support the Revolution means to support Lenin and Trotsky.” He briefly attended the Moscow Institute of Journalism and worked for the American Relief Administration as interpreter and secretary for US Colonel Walter Bell in Ufa during the famine, where he contracted typhus. Some sources claim he died in 1925, but in 1934 his mother petitioned the US government to allow him and his family to visit the U.S.

Sources: INS file 54709/522; Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America; Elaine J. Leeder, The Gentle General: Rose Pesotta, Anarchist and Labor Organizer; Groupe des anarchistes russes exilés en Allemagne, Répression de l’anarchisme en Russie Soviétique; Elaine Leeder Collection of Rose Pesotta Papers, Cornell University Library.

Steve K______

His partially illegible name as it appears in the records. National Archives.

Born:
Nationality: Yugoslavian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration: Immigrated to US year unknown
Affiliation:

The individual appears in immigration records under a partially illegible surname. He was deported as a radical to Yugoslavia on September 1, 1920. No further information has been located.

Sources: INS file 54325/36G.

MacDonald to Makarevich

Red Scare Deportees, , , , , , ,

John Alex MacDonald (a.k.a. J.A. MacDonald)

IWW, J. A. MacDonald, 13133 Leavenworth, Sept 7 or 8, 1918
John Alex MacDonald, 1918. National Archives.

Born: c. 1882, Cape Breton, Canada
Nationality: Canadian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer; soldier; foreman; journalist; editor
Migration: Immigrated to US c. 1901
Affiliation: IWW

Served nine years in the US Army at Vancouver, Washington, before discharge due to tuberculosis contracted during service. He joined the IWW around 1913 in Kansas City and became editor of The Industrial Worker in Seattle in May 1916, actively defending members prosecuted after the Everett Massacre. A defendant in the federal IWW trial (1917–1918), he was sentenced to ten years. His wife Kate (Katherine Beidel), whom he married in 1918, edited the paper during the trial until July 1918. His sentence was commuted in 1923, and he was deported to Canada August 5, 1923.

In Canada he continued organizing for the IWW and writing for its US publications through at least 1926, including organizing agricultural workers alongside fellow deportee Sam Scarlett.

Sources: INS file 54616/145; FBI file OG 8000-41990; Industrial Workers of the World Collection, Walter P. Reuther Library, Wayne State University; Heather Mayer, Beyond the Rebel Girl: Women and the Industrial Workers of the World in the Pacific Northwest, 1905-1924; James Sullivan, “Reviewing the 1925 Harvest Drive,” Industrial Pioneer, November 1925; J. A. McDonald [sic], “Training for Freedom,” Industrial Pioneer, March 1926; J. A. MacDonald, “The Reforging of Russia,” Industrial Pioneer, May 1925.

Samuel Mackway

Born: Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration:
Affiliation:

Deported to Russia as a radical on January 22, 1921. No further information has been found.

Sources: INS file 54325/36G.

Victor Macur

Born: 1887, Vilna, Russia (present-day Lithuania)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Polish
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1912
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Joined Russian Branch No. 3 of the Socialist Party of America in August 1919, which soon transferred into the Communist Party. Arrested during the second Palmer Raids in January 1920, he accepted “voluntary departure” and left for Poland via Canada October 16, 1920.

Sources: INS file 54859/984; FBI file OG 387500.

Nils Madsen

Nils Madsen, 1960s. Arbeiderbladet, July 26, 1965.

Born: 1886, Drammen, Norway
Nationality: Norwegian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1904
Affiliation: IWW

Joined the IWW in 1912 and became General Organizer for the Lumber Workers’ Industrial Union No. 500 around 1916, facing repeated arrests for organizing. Arrested March 26, 1918, in St. Maries, Idaho under a criminal syndicalism law, he was deported November 4, 1918.

Back in Norway he lectured widely about US conditions and cofounded a Norwegian-American Defense Committee for imprisoned IWW members. By 1922 he was organizing for the Norwegian Labour Party and led its radical youth scouting organization, the Norges Røde Speiderforbund. After the party split in 1925 he sided with the expelled pro-Communist faction, but then appears to have abandoned Communism. From 1934 to 1955 he was an organizer and official of the Norwegian Union of Hotel and Restaurant Workers (Norsk Hotell-og Restaurantarbeiderforbund). He died in 1965.

Sources: INS file 54379/199; “Norwegian Workers Come to the Aid of the I. W. W.,” One Big Union Monthly, March 1, 1919; Sondre Ljoså, “‘Etter beste evne at alltid være en god kamerat’: Speiderarbeid i arbeiderbevegelsen på 1920-tallet,” Arbeiderhistorie (2007); Harald Berntsen, Alle rettigheter!: hotell- og restaurantarbeiderne i service og strid gjennom 75 år.

Piotr Mager (a.k.a. Peter Magyar)

Born: 1891, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Metalworker
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the URW in Youngstown, Ohio around 1915. Arrested in August 1919 and again during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54709/498.

Ivan Maiboroda (a.k.a. John Mayborada)

Born: 1885, Kyiv, Russia (present-day Ukraine)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration: Immigrated to US 1916
Affiliation: IWW; Union of Russian Workers

Belonged to the Socialist Revolutionary Party in Russia before emigrating.

In the United States he joined the IWW in Butte and later, in 1919, joined the URW in Seattle. Deported to Russia January 22, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54860/471.

Vinko Majetic

Born:
Nationality: Croatian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration:
Affiliation:

Deported to Croatia as a radical on September 1, 1920. No further information has been found.

Sources: INS file 54325/36G.

George Makaranko (or Makarenko)

Born: 1893, Kyiv, Russia (present-day Ukraine)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1914
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Makaranko, who had a wife and children in Russia, belonged to Detroit’s Russian Branch No. 3 of the Communist Party. Arrested January 1920, he was deported March 18, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54859/621.

Lavrenti Makarevich (a.k.a. Lawrence Makarvitch)

Born: 1894, Grodno, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration: Immigrated to Canada 1914; then to US 1915
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the URW in Bridgeport, Connecticut. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, records state he was deported January 22, 1921. However, a Department of Justice agent reported that he attended a URW conference in New Haven June 4, 1922 as a delegate of that city’s Russian Progressive Organization. His wife Sophie Babitz, living with her parents in Connecticut, reportedly wished no further contact with him. It remains unclear whether he was deported and returned, never deported, or the report of his later return was mistaken.

Sources: INS file 54709/399.

Mechuk to Meskov

Red Scare Deportees, , , ,

Trofin Mechuk (or Nacsuk)

Born: Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration:
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

A member of Russian Branch No. 3 of the Communist Party of America in Detroit. Arrested during the second Palmer Raids in January 1920 and “voluntary departed” to Russia via Canada on October 16, 1920.

Sources: FBI file BS 202600-1378-1.

John Meehan (a.k.a. Jack)

Born: 1878, Ireland
Nationality: British
Ethnicity: Irish
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1893
Affiliation: IWW

An IWW member arrested in Everett, Washington, and deported December 6, 1918.

Joined the Merseyside branch of the IWW in Liverpool, then in the 1920s became active in Liverpool in the Communist Party of Great Britain, the Seamen’s Vigilance Committee, and the National Unemployed Workers’ Committee Movement.

Sources: Evening Express (Liverpool), September 14, 1921 and October 10, 1923; Liverpool Echo, September 29, 1921.

Peter Melcishik

Born: Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration:
Affiliation:

Deported to Russia as a radical on January 22, 1921. No further information has been found.

Sources: INS file 54325/36G.

Gregory Melnikov (or Melikov; a.k.a. Kushneroff; Oleinik)

Born: 1896, Volhynia, Russia (present-day Ukraine)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Janitor
Migration: Immigrated to US 1917
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Melnikov was arrested and beaten at the URW’s People’s House in New York City on November 11, 1919. He denied URW membership, but a confidential Department of Justice informant testified that he belonged to the organization. Deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54709/522.

Nikolai Melikov (a.k.a. Nick Melikoff; Melincoff; Melnikov)

Born: c. 1886, Odessa, Russia (present-day Ukraine)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Painter
Migration: Migrated to US 1917 (via Canada)
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Belonged to URW branches in San Francisco, Los Angeles, Vancouver, and New York, and had previously been fined and imprisoned in Vancouver for serving as an officer of the organization. His wife Olga lived with him in New York. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he testified that he advocated overthrowing government “by mind, never by force…I am against every kind of government…I am opposed to every Government that is based on exploitation of one man by another.” Deported January 22, 1921 aboard the SS Stockholm.

By 1924 he was, like many Russian anarchists, a political prisoner in the Solovetsky Special Purpose Camp.

Sources: INS file 54861/306; ational Popular Government League, To the American People: Report Upon the Illegal Practices of the United States Department of Justice; Der Syndikalist (Berlin), no. 17 [May] 1924.

Pavel Melnikov (a.k.a. Paul Melnicoff; Pawel Melnik)

Born: 1886, Kiev, Russia (present-day Ukraine)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Slovenian
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Attended gymnasium until age eighteen and worked as a clerk before emigrating.

Around 1918 he joined the URW and became a national organizer and lecturer based in Seattle and San Francisco; he also taught English in the URW school in San Francisco. He was accused, without evidence, of involvement in bomb and assassination plots. Arrested April 23, 1917 in Trenton, New Jersey for allegedly making seditious remarks and again in March 1919 in San Francisco for vagrancy, he was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54616/123; Lazar Lipotkin, The Russian Anarchist Movement in North America.

Peter Williamson Merta (a.k.a. Peter Williamson)

Born: 1885, Finland
Nationality: Finnish
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Lumber worker; newspaper editor
Migration: Immigrated to US 1908 via Canada
Affiliation: IWW

Served as secretary-treasurer of the IWW’s Lumber Workers’ Union No. 500 in Raymond, Washington. His 1916 citizenship application was denied because of his IWW membership. Arrested February 1918 while posting IWW stickers, he served fifteen days and was then detained for deportation but released on bail. After relocating to Duluth he became an editor of the Finnish-language IWW paper Industrialisti. Arrested again in December 1918, his lawyer successfully argued he should be deported to Sweden rather than Finland, where anti-socialist Whites had recently won a civil war. His wife Elsie, also an IWW member, initially requested deportation with him but ultimately remained in the United States.

Sources: INS file 54397/134; FBI file OG 8000-382409; Committee on Immigration and Naturalization, House of Representatives, Communist and Anarchist Deportation Cases; Frances H. Early, A World Without War: How U.S. Feminists and Pacifists Resisted World War I.

Sam Meskov (a.k.a. Serpion; Meshkov; Miskoff; Meshoff; Moshoff)

Born: 1889, Saratov, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Miner
Migration: Immigrated to US 1912
Affiliation: InWW

Joined the IWW in March 1919 and distributed its literature. Arrested in Van Voorhis, Pennsylvania, he was described by Commissioner-General of Immigration A. Caminetti as “apparently an ignorant harmless fellow, [but] the Bureau [of Immigration] is of the opinion that this type of man is often dangerous because of his ignorance and the fact that he can be easily imposed upon by the shrewder type of radical.” Deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54709/34; FBI file OG 284810.

Metcalfe to Miller

Red Scare Deportees, , , , , ,

Sidney Metcalfe

Born: 1893, Leeds, England
Nationality: British
Ethnicity: Englsih
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Migrated to US 1906
Affiliation: IWW

Migrated to U.S. with his family in 1906, at age thirteen. Became a “hobo” laborer, telling authorities, “I had a thousand different jobs” in the US and Canada. Joined the Industrial Workers of the World in 1916 in Salina, Kansas. He served a year in Pierce County Jail for refusing draft registration, which he described as “an employers’ edict.” Arrested in Tacoma in February 1919 while posting IWW stickers, he was deported June 21, 1919.

After arrival in England he said he would continue IWW propaganda if conditions were similar to America’s, but later observed there was little outlet for such activity. He became an admirer of George Lansbury and worked as a docker in Liverpool.

Sources: INS file 54517/88; FBI file OG 8000-382412.

Nicholas Michels

Born: Austria-Hungary, year unknown
Nationality: Hungarian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration:
Affiliation: Communist Labor Party

A member of the Communist Labor Party deported to Hungary in 1921. No further information has been found.

Sources: FBI file OG 381688.

Feodor Michkov (a.k.a. Fred Mechcoff; Michcov; Mihaitch)

Born: c. 1888, Moscow, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1914
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Previously arrested in Russia for a political offense, Michkov joined the Union of Russian Workers in New York. Arrested February 1920, he admitted anarchist beliefs and opposition to organized government. Deported to Russia January 22, 1921.

Source: INS file 54861/131.

Kalenik Migura (a.k.a. Kalymnyk)

Born: 1885, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the URW branch in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, became its secretary, and was arrested February 1920. Deported January 22, 1921. His wife and child remained in Russia.

Sources: INS file 54861/75; FBI file OG 381865.

Nikolai Mikhaelov (a.k.a. Nicholas Mihaeloff; Mikeloff; Michaelov; Peter Lund; Fritiak)

Born: 1893, Petrograd, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Sailor; machinist
Migration: Immigrated to US 1917
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers; IWW

After fighting in France for the British and Russian armies during the First World War, Mikhaelov migrated across several countries before reaching the US in 1917. (According to another source, however, he was leader of an anarchist gang that took part in “expropriations” in Petrograd in 1916 and fled to the U.S. after two members were killed and he was injured in the hand.) He joined the URW in Newark and also the IWW. Arrested March 1919 and released on bail, he was expelled from the URW after his partner allegedly approached police as an informant. He nonetheless declared his desire to return to Russia to overthrow Lenin and establish “pure anarchy.” Deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919. His wife and child remained in the US.

Source: INS file 54616/106.

Grigory Mikhalevich (a.k.a. Gregory Michaelevitcz; Michailevich; Nicholavitch)

Born: Russia, year unknown
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration:
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Member of Russian Branch No. 6 of the Communist Party of America in New York. Deported December 23, 1920. No further information has been found.

Source: INS file 54859/199.

Gavril Mikhnevich (a.k.a. Hawril Michnewitz; Michniewich; Harry Grigory)

Mikhnevich’s URW membership card. National Archives.
Gavril Mikhnevich, c. 1920s. B. Ratner, Istoriia Moskovskogo instrumental’nogo zavoda.

Born: 1886, Kremno, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Factory worker
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

His wife remained in Russia while he emigrated. Joined the URW in Hartford in August 1919 and was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

After arrival in Soviet Russia he was one of six deportees who met Lenin seeking financial support. He later worked at the Russian-American Tool Plant and helped form a factory committee there, and appears to have joined the Russian Communist Party.

Source: INS file 54709/421; B. Ratner, Istoriia Moskovskogo instrumental’nogo zavoda.

Julius Miller

Julius Miller, c. 1920. National Archives.

Born: 1894, Dvinsk, Russia (present-day Latvia)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1915
Affiliation: IWW

An IWW member and delegate, Miller was arrested in Detroit in January 1920. After his release on bail he was arrested again in Cleveland for distributing IWW literature and held for over a year in the county jail, where an immigration inspector reported his health was deteriorating badly. Deported to Russia February 26, 1921.

Source: INS file 54860/32.

Samuel Miller (a.k.a. Sholem Melamed; Schulim)

Born: 1897, Kiev, Russia (present-day Ukraine)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Jewish
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1914
Affiliation: IWW; anarchist

An employee of Sears, Roebuck and Company in Chicago, as well as an IWW member and anarchist, Miller was arrested in July 1917. When asked his nationality, he replied: “I am international.” His attorney, Clarence Darrow, unsuccessfully argued that as a pacifist “philosophical anarchist” Miller should not fall under the anarchist exclusion laws. Deported December 23, 1920.

Source: INS file 54235/36-A.

Milligan to Molochko

Red Scare Deportees, , , , , ,

William Milligan (a.k.a. Wilson)

Born: 1874, Edinburgh, Scotland
Nationality: British
Ethnicity: Scottish
Occupation: Miner
Migration: Immigrated to U.S. c. 1901
Affiliation: IWW; anarchist

Migrated to South Africa c. 1900, then to Australia and Mexico, before arriving in the United States around 1901. Worked in mines and acted as an IWW propagandist on both sides of the U.S.–Mexico border. Although he filed a declaration of intent to naturalize, he never completed his application for citizenship, explaining, “I traveled all over the country and saw too much.” Arrested in Deming, New Mexico, in September 1919, he was deported April 3, 1920.

Sources: INS file 54709/648; The Deming Headlight (Deming, NM), September 26, 1919.

Anton Minarich (a.k.a. Tony)

Born: 1891, near Fiume, Austria-Hungary (present-day Croatia)
Nationality: Yugoslavian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Migrated to U.S. 1909
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Worked for the Ford Motor Company Hospital in Detroit and joined South Slavic Branch No. 17 of the Communist Party in 1919. Arrested during the second Palmer Raids in January 1920 and held at Fort Wayne, he was deported to Yugoslavia on June 19, 1920.

Sources: INS file 54860/50; FBI file OG 387463.

Yakov Minich (a.k.a. Jacob; Jakow; Minicz; Menich)

Born: c. 1888, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Migrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

His wife and three children remained in Russia. He joined Russian Branch No. 1 of the Communist Party of America in Rachine, Wisconsin. Arrested January 2, 1920, and deported to Russia February 26, 1921.

Source: INS file 54859-167.

Petr Ivanovich Mironovich

Mironovich’s URW membership card. National Archives.

Born: 1900, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Migrated to US 1915
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Belonged to the URW in New York and later Hartford, Connecticut. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Source: INS file 54709/527.

______ Mirolyubov

Born: Russia, year unknown
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration:
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

A member of the Union of Russian Workers in Akron, Ohio, he was deported to Russia. No further information has been found.

Sources: Probuzhdenie, January 1932.

Simeon Misnik (a.k.a. Semeon; Minnik)

Born: Russia, year unknown
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration:
Affiliation:

Arrested during the second Palmer Raids in January 1920 and agreed to “voluntary departure” to Russia October 16, 1920. No further information has been found.

Source: FBI file BS 202600-153-1.

Joseph Miss

Born: Austro-Hungarian
Nationality: Hungarian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration:
Affiliation:

Deported to Hungary as a radical on March 21, 1920. No additional information has been found.

Source: NS file 54325/36G.

Xavier Mitalski (a.k.a. Prostopluk)

Born: 1885, Volyn, Russia (present-day Ukraine)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Carpenter
Migration: Migrated to US 1909
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Worked in New York, Chicago, and Detroit and belonged to the URW along with his brothers and cousin. Arrested in Chicago November 14, 1919, he claimed his membership lasted only “a month and a half,” though authorities found URW literature in his apartment. Deported to Russia March 18, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54709/434; FBI file OG 8000-385993.

Nicholas Mlaveransky (or Mlaverausky)

Born: 1894, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Machinist
Migration: Migrated to US 1914
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the URW in Bridgeport, Connecticut, in 1918. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Source: INS file 54709/376.

Ketia Fedrovich Molkowsky (a.k.a. L.C. Marten; Leo Martin)

Born: 1884, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer; fisherman
Migration:
Affiliation:

Arrested in Seattle in September 1919 and deported on the Buford on December 21 as a contract laborer and as “likely to become a public charge,” though officials also suspected radicalism.

Source: Committee on Immigration and Naturalization, House of Representatives, Communist and Anarchist Deportation Cases.

Aggi Molochko (a.k.a. Mike A. Molaka)

Born: 1889, Starobin, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Belarusian
Occupation: Millworker
Migration: Migrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the URW in Norwich, Connecticut, in February 1918. Arrested during the second Palmer Raids in January 1920, he was deported February 1, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54861/8; FBI file OG 380828.

Peter Moloishik (or Maloishun)

Moloishik’s URW membership card. National Archives.

Born: 1895, Grodna, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Polish
Ethnicity: Russian
Occupation: Laborer; moulder
Migration: Migrated to US 1912
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Although he claimed Polish citizenship, authorities listed his “race” as Russian. He joined the URW in May 1919. Arrested in Marshall, Michigan, November 14, 1919, he was deported to Poland January 22, 1921.

Source: INS file 54709/529.

Momotuk to Murza

Red Scare Deportees, , , , , , , , ,

Trofin Momotuk (or Mormochuk; a.k.a. Theodore Maumat)

Born: 1886, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Steelworker
Migration: Migrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Had a wife living in Russia. He joined the URW in Youngstown, Ohio. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Source: INS file 54709/187.

Giuseppe Montagni

Giuseppe Montagni, c. 1920. Archivio Centrale dello Stato, Italy.

Born: 1890, Riva di Trento, Austria-Hungary (present-day Italy)
Nationality: Italian
Ethnicity: Italian
Occupation: Electrician
Migration: Migrated to US 1911
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Lived in Buffalo, Philadelphia, and Pittsburgh and joined the Communist Party of America. Deported June 19, 1920.

He apparently did not join the Italian Communist Party, but in late 1922 he illegally emigrated to Hungary hoping to reach Russia. Arrested in Budapest en route, he was interned for ten months at Zalaegerszeg before being expelled back to Italy in June 1924. After several years of itinerant work, he settled in his hometown as a farmer. Italian authorities continued surveillance of him as a radical until 1941.

Sources: FBI file OG 204622; CPC busta 3359.

Tugardo Montanari

Born: 1886, Orciano di Pesaro, Italy
Nationality: Italian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Metalworker; iron molder
Migration: Migrated to US 1903
Affiliation: Anarchist

Not politically radical before immigrating, he became an anarchist and distributed Luigi Galleani’s Cronaca Sovversiva throughout New England by motorcycle. In 1913 he was arrested in Worcester, Massachusetts, for “lewd and lascivious cohabitation” with his companion Lucia Mancini and served six months. Arrested again May 17, 1918, in Mansfield, Massachusetts, he was deported June 24, 1919, while Mancini and their daughter remained in the US.

In 1923 he emigrated to France, where he continued anarchist and antifascist activity. He was still living there in 1977 and contributing funds to the Italian anarchist magazine Volontà.

Sources: INS file 54379/374; CPC busta 3366; Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America; Volontà, January–February 1977.

Ivan Morgolenkow (a.k.a. John Novak)

Born: 1891, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Longshoreman
Migration: Migrated to US 1911
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Belonged to the URW in Baltimore. Arrested December 3, 1919, he was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Source: INS file 54709/622.

Harry Morozoff (a.k.a. Morogoff)

Born: c. 1894, Vilnius, Russia (present-day Lithuania)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Migrated to US 1912
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Joined the Socialist Party in 1917 and attended meetings of Russian Branch No. 3 of the Communist Party in Detroit in 1919, though he denied formal membership. Arrested January 1920 and held at Fort Wayne, he was deported to Russia March 18, 1921.

Source: INS file 54860/54.

Grigori Moroz (a.k.a. Gregory; Mike Moroz)

Born: 1893, Grodno, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Migrated to Canada 1913; then to US 1916
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined URW Branch No. 1 in Baltimore in April 1919. He worked at the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Plant, where in October 1919 a company officer reported him for wearing a black button bearing the name of the URW newspaper Khleb i Volia. Arrested November 1919, he was deported to Russia February 1, 1921.

Source: INS file 54709/108.

Roman Mosichuk (or Mosichok; Mosicshok; Mosithuk)

Born: 1890, Volyn, Russia (present-day Ukraine)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Ukrainian
Occupation: Blacksmith’s helper
Migration: Migrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the URW in Newark in 1915 and became secretary of its school in Trenton, New Jersey, where he distributed URW literature. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Source: INS file 54709/220.

Pavel Mozuris (a.k.a. Paul; Mozures)

Born: 1885, Suwałki, Russia (present-day Poland)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Lithuanian
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Migrated to US 1907
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Joined the Communist Party in New York in 1919. On January 20, 1920, he voluntarily reported himself to the Department of Justice as a party member because he had been blacklisted and wanted to return to Russia. After more than six months’ detention on Ellis Island, he escaped July 12, 1920, by leaping from a third-floor window into the water below. Later located in Kalamazoo, Michigan, he was arrested and deported February 26, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54861/22; FBI file OG 381458.

Joseph Mule

Born:
Nationality: Yugoslavian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration:
Affiliation:

Deported to Yugoslavia as a radical June 19, 1920. No additional information has been located.

Source: INS file 54325/36G.

Camillo Muñoz

Born: 1880, Nochistlán, Mexico
Nationality: Mexican
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Migrated to US 1915
Affiliation: Anarchist

Muñoz belonged to the anarchist group Los Errantes in Morenci, Arizona, affiliated with the Partido Liberal Mexicano. Arrested September 19, 1919, in Tucson, his wife and three Mexican-born children traveled there intending to accompany him if deported. He was deported December 3, 1919.

Source: INS file 54709/70.

José Maria Murias

Born: 1889, Rosario de Santa Fe, Argentina
Nationality: Disputed
Ethnicity: Spanish (father); Italian (mother)
Occupation: Sailor; miner
Migration: Migrated to US 1914
Affiliation: IWW

Joined the IWW in San Francisco in 1914 and became a delegate and organizer in Arizona. Arrested in Globe, Arizona, in September 1918, immigration officials faced a diplomatic impasse when Argentina claimed he was a Spanish citizen and Spain claimed he was an Argentine citizen. He was ultimately allowed to “reship as a foreign seaman” to Costa Rica July 11, 1919.

A 1920 report stated he later made several voyages to New York as a seaman and expected to return again.

Source: INS file 54648/32.

Vasily Murza (a.k.a. Sam Drozda; Sam Murza; Sam Murgu)

Born: c. 1897, Grodno, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Steelworker
Migration: Migrated to US 1912
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Joined the Communist Party of America in Buffalo in November 1919. According to immigration authorities, “He appears to be a dangerous radical and, in addition, he is immoral, as will be seen from the testimony he is living with a woman without being married to her.” (In fact, he and his wife Pauline Brya had been legally married in a civil ceremony.) Arrested January 1920, he was deported to Russia February 26, 1921.

Source: INS file 54809/516.