As part of the ongoing research for my book on the global history of immigrant radicals who were deported during America’s First Red Scare, I have posted brief profiles of 835 (and counting) individual deportees I have identified. This list is a work in progress, and entries are being added and updated as I obtain additional information.
Who is included:
This list includes radicals and suspected radicals who were deported between 1917 (following America’s entrance into the First World War) and 1925, when the last of the foreign-born radicals arrested between 1917 and 1920 were expelled, some after serving prison sentences or being interned as “enemy aliens.” It includes both those who were deported by government order and those who were ordered deported but “voluntarily departed” at their own expense with the government’s consent (both categories were included in US government deportation statistics). It does not include those who fled the country to avoid arrest or deportation. It includes both individuals deported for belonging to legally-defined “anarchistic classes,” and others who were suspected of radicalism but deported on other grounds (most commonly for entering the country without inspection or being retroactively deemed “likely to become a public charge” at the time of their entry).
This is not a complete list. In the fiscal years (June-July) 1918-1926, the United States deported 979 aliens as “anarchists,” and an unknown number of additional radical immigrants under other statutes. The largest single group of deportees, composed of 242 alleged radicals (as well as seven unrelated deportees) departed on the USAT Buford on December 21, 1919. However, it appears that no complete list of Red Scare deportees was produced by either the Bureau of Immigration or the Bureau of Investigation. I have instead had to rely on partial lists and mentions of individual cases included in these organizations’ files, congressional testimony, radical publications, newspaper reports, and other sources.
How to use this site:
Profiles have been posted in small batches. They are organized in alphabetical order by last name, followed by alternate spellings and pseudonyms in parentheses. (The Cyrillic spellings of Russian names are generally my best guess; American sources from the era were wildly inconsistent in their spellings of such names. The same is true of the transliteration of Chinese names in the Roman alphabet.) You can also browse the Index of Names.
Birth years are often approximate, usually having been calculated from an individual’s age at the time of their examination by immigration authorities, and some may therefore be off by a year.
You can search by individuals’ nationalities (country of birth and, in some cases, ethnicity [i.e. Jewish, Lithuanian, etc.]) by using the tags above.
Occupations describe the individuals’ employment in the US, not necessarily the work they engaged in before arrival or after their deportation.
Political affiliations represented include the syndicalist Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), the anarcho-syndicalist Union of Russian Workers of the United States and Canada (URW); the anarchist Partido Liberal Mexicano (PLM); anarchists unaffiliated with larger organizations; the Communist Party of America (CP); the Communist Labor Party (CLP); the Socialist Party of America (SP); the Socialist Labor Party (SLP); and unaffiliated socialists. You can search by political affiliation by using the tags above.
You may also use the “Search” box at the top of the page to look for individual names, locations, etc.
The main sources used for compiling these profiles are case files from the Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), Record Group 85, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington DC; the Old German Files (OG) and Bureau Section Files (BS) of the Records of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Record Group 65, National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD (as digitized at fold3.com); and (for Italians) the Casellario Politico Centrale (CPC), Archivio Centrale dello Stato, Rome, Italy.
A special thanks to Molly Thacker, Brooke Thompson, and Nargis Azaryun, who photographed hundreds of INS files for me; Malcolm Archibald, who has translated a number of Russian-language sources; D.J. Alperovitz, who has provided sources on IWW members; and the dozens of other archivists, translators, activists, and colleagues who have helped me locate, acquire, and read material from across the globe while undertaking this research.
Finally, if you have additional information about any of the deportees, or spot an error, please contact me!
Alba Galeotti, postcard to her son Ferrer, c. 1930s. Courtesy of Gina Norsedt.
Born: 1867, Canischio, Italy Nationality: Italian Ethnicity: Occupation: Housewife; laborer Migration: Immigrated to US c. 1902 Affiliation: Anarchist
After immigrating to the United States around 1902, she married coal miner Killo Gotti in Lafayette, Missouri, later adopting the anarchist name “Alba,” meaning “Dawn.” She named her children Idea (i.e. “L’Idea” of anarchism) and Ravachol (after the French anarchist of the same name). By 1908 she was contributing funds and articles to the Italian-language anarchist newspapers Cronaca Sovversiva and La Questione Sociale and corresponded with anarchists in Italy. She also raised money for the antimilitarist anarchist paper Rompete le file! in Milan. Following her separation from Gotti, she married anarchist miner Guglielmo Galeotti in 1909. The couple lived in mining communities in Kansas and Illinois and named their children Ferrer and Germinal. Unconfirmed reports suggest she was deported in 1916 and illegally returned to the United States. Arrested in 1920 alongside Galeotti, she escaped custody while he was deported. She continued anarchist activity, including collecting funds for the Sacco-Vanzetti Defense Committee in 1921. In 1923 arrested in Schulter, Oklahoma. While detained, she refused food for thirty-three days, was declared insane, and forcibly fed. Deported on January 10, 1924, leaving her two youngest children in the care of her eldest daughter, Ida (Idea) Gotti.
In Italy she did not reunite with Guglielmo Galeotti, and remained in correspondence with her children. Died in Turin in 1940.
Sources: Cronaca Sovversiva, May 31, 1913; Jennifer Guglielmo, Living the Revolution: Italian Women’s Resistance and Radicalism in New York City, 1880-1945; Henryetta Daily Stanard (Henryetta OK), January 1 and 2, 1924; Henryetta Standard (Henryetta OK), January 3 and January 7, 1924; Ancestry.com; additional information provided by Gina Norstedt.
Guglielmo Galeotti (a.k.a. William Galleoti)
Guglielmo Galeotti with his wife Alba and children, c. 1915. Courtesy of Gina Norsedt.
Born: 1871, Santa Sofia, Italy Nationality: Italian Ethnicity: Occupation: Miner Migration: Immigrated to US 1902 Affiliation: Anarchist
Became an anarchist in Italy during the late 1880s and was regarded by Italian authorities as a dangerous subversive. Repeatedly arrested and imprisoned for subversive activities between 1888 and 1902. Fled briefly to Switzerland in 1901, but was expelled and arrested on unfounded suspicion of complicity in the assassination of King Umberto I. Subsequently emigrated to and then expelled from Trieste. After immigrating to the United States, lived in mining communities in Pennsylvania, Kansas, and Illinois and became a leading figure in the Kansas anarchist Gruppo 11 Novembre. In 1909 married fellow anarchist Alba Genisio. In 1911 joined other group members in traveling to Mexico to assist the anarchist Partido Liberal Mexicano during the Mexican Revolution but soon became disillusioned and returned to the United States. Deported on February 19, 1920.
Although he remained under surveillance in Italy, authorities reported that by 1935 he had withdrawn from politics and allegedly showed sympathy toward the Fascist regime.
Sources: CPC busta 2236; Michele Presutto, La rivoluzione dietro l’angolo: Gli anarchici italiani e la Rivoluzione messicana, 1910-1914; Henryetta Daily Stanard (Henryetta OK), January 1, 1924; Ancestry.com; additional information provided by Gina Norstedt.
Luigi Galleani
Luigi Galleani, 1919. Archivio Centrale dello Stato, Italy.
Born: 1861, Vercelli, Italy Nationality: Italian Ethnicity: Occupation: Editor Migration: Immigrated to US 1901 Affiliation: Anarchist
Became an anarchist while studying law at the University of Turin. After fleeing police repression in Italy, he lived in France and Switzerland, working with anarchist geographer Élisée Reclus, before being arrested, expelled, and imprisoned in Italy. While confined to the island of Pantelleria, he met his wife Maria. He escaped in 1900 and fled to Egypt and England before immigrating to the United States in 1901.
In the United States, edited La Questione Sociale in Paterson, New Jersey, and led the 1902 silk workers’ strike, for which he was indicted for inciting riot and fled to Canada, then Barre, Vermont, where founded newspaper Cronaca Sovversiva in 1903. Later relocated the paper to Lynn, Massachusetts. Emerged as the leading Italian anarchist proponent of insurrectionary violence. Deported on June 24, 1919, leaving his wife and six children behind.
Upon arrival in Italy, briefly arrested and then relaunched Cronaca Sovversiva in Turin. Imprisoned for sedition in 1922, and again arrested in 1926, serving prison time followed by internal exile. He remained under surveillance until his death in 1931.
Sources: INS file 54235/33; CPC busta 2241; Ugo Fedeli, Luigi Galleani: quarant’anni di lotte rivoluzionarie (1891 –1931); Paul Avrich, Sacco and Vanzetti: The Anarchist Background; Antonio Senta, Luigi Galleani: The Most Dangerous Anarchist in America.
Alexander Gallod (a.k.a. Golod; Gold)
Gallod’s Communist Party membership card. National Archives.
Born: 1888, Grodno region, Russia (present-day Belarus) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Polish Occupation: Machinist Migration: Immigrated to US 1914 Affiliation: Communist Party of America
Joined the Socialist Party of America before becoming an active member of the Communist Party of American and then the United Communist Party in Camden, New Jersey, and Philadelphia. Arrested in Philadelphia on January 7, 1920, and deported to Russia on February 26, 1921.
Sources: INS file 54811/973.
Laureano García
Born: Spain, year unknown Nationality: Spanish Ethnicity: Occupation: Miner Migration: Immigrated to US year unknown Affiliation: Anarchist; IWW
An anarchist and IWW member, he was arrested in Jerome, Arizona, in February 1919 and deported later that year.
In 1931 he contributed funds from Spain to the New York anarchist newspaper Cultura Proletaria.
Sources: La Nueva Solidaridad, June 14, 1919; Cultura Proletaria, April 18, 1931.
Rogelo García (a.k.a. Regelio García; Roglio García)
Members of Spanish-speaking Los Corsarios Group, including García, 1919. National Archives.
Born: 1894, Quibicano, Cuba Nationality: Cuban Ethnicity: Occupation: Cigar maker Migration: Immigrated to US 1903 Affiliation: Anarchist
Became an anarchist around 1917 and joined the Los Corsarios Group, which published the anarchist paper El Corsario. Arrested in New York in February 1919 with thirteen other Spanish-speaking anarchists on unfounded allegations of plotting to assassinate President Woodrow Wilson. Although charges were dismissed, García was held for deportation. When questioned about his failure to naturalize, replied, “I do not even believe in my own country.” He was married to U.S.-born Blanca Fernandez and had an infant child at the time of his deportation on April 25, 1919.
Sources: INS file 54616/79.
Isso Gartner (a.k.a. Imre Geery or Geerry)
Born: 1895, Kassa, Hungary (present-day Košice, Slovakia) Nationality: Hungarian Ethnicity: Jewish Occupation: Jeweler Migration: Immigrated to US 1911 Affiliation: Socialist Party of America
Joined the Socialist Party of America in Baltimore. A conscientious objector, he opposed military conscription during the First World War. Attempted to unionize Baltimore jewelry workers through the International Jewelry Workers Union (AFL). In May 1918 he was arrested on dubious theft charges, sentenced to six months in prison, and later interned as an “alien enemy” at Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia. There he contracted tuberculosis of the hip, forcing him to use crutches. Upon release, Gartner was deported on May 8, 1920 on the unsubstantiated charge that he believed in overthrowing the U.S. government by force.
Sources: INS file 54709/38; Baltimore Sun, May 23, 1918; Jewelers’ Circular-Weekly, July 10, 1918.
Jack Gaveel (a.k.a. Jakov Zukatansky; Jackotonsky; Jacknowsky)
Born: 1889, Amsterdam, Netherlands Nationality: Dutch Ethnicity: Occupation: Labor organizer Migration: Immigrated to Canada 1913; then to US 1915 Affiliation: IWW
Migrated to England in 1905; returned to the Netherlands in 1910 and emigrated to Canada that same year. Joined the IWW in 1913 in Canada and became secretary of IWW Local no. 339 in Edmonton, Canada the following year. Migrated to the U.S. in 1915. Included in the federal indictment of IWW leaders in 1917, but dropped from the case before it went to trial. Acted as an IWW delegate in Los Angeles, where he was “active in organizing the Austrian and Croatian fishermen.” Arrested in April 1921 and sentenced to 1-4 years under California’s criminal syndicalism law. In San Quentin, refused to work in the prison jute mill, declaring: “I have never scabbed on my class outside of prison, and I won’t do it inside.” He was sent to solitary confinement, sparking a sympathy strike of thirteen other imprisoned IWW members. Deported to The Netherlands on August 1, 1924.
Remained active in labor and anarchist circles in The Netherlands. Into 1951 he resumed contact with the IWW and distributed IWW materials in Europe. In 1960, at age 71, he wrote: “I wish I were in America. I’d join you in the fight then.”
Sources: FBI file BS 186701-240; Industrial Worker, June 11, 1921; August 5, 1922; IWW Collection, Walter P. Reuther Library.
Fred Gazeyog (a.k.a. Gazeyek; Gazeycg)
Born: 1895, Grodno, Russia (present-day Belarus) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Belarusian Occupation: Laborer Migration: Immigrated to the United States in 1911 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers
Employed by the B. F. Goodrich Company and joined the Union of Russian Workers in Akron, Ohio, in 1916, becoming secretary of the local branch. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919 and deported to Russia on the Buford on December 21, 1919.
Ivan Kabas-Tarasyuk (a.k.a. Vanaya Kabas-Tarasyuk; John Tarasuk; John Tarasyk; John T. Rasky; John Tarasky)
Ivan Kabas-Tarasyuk. Image from G. P. Maximoff, The Guillotine at Work.
Born: 1893 , Grodno, Russia (present-day Belarus) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Ukrainian Occupation: Laborer Migration: Immigrated to US 1913 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers
Joined the Union of Russian Workers in 1916. In December 1917, arrested in Akron, Ohio, for attempting to organize a strike among rubber workers but was released on bail. He later became secretary of the Baltimore branch of the Union of Russian Workers. Arrested again in March 1919, he was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.
After returning to Russia, he became active in the anarchist Nabat Federation in Kharkov and was arrested and imprisoned in November 1920. Arrested again in October 1921 and sentenced to two years’ imprisonment for anarchist activities, during which he was transferred to the Ryazan labor camp, where he was shot during a prisoner riot and almost killed. He then escaped via the Black Sea, possibly reaching Crimea, but returned to Russia in 1922. In 1925, arrested for organizing an illegal anarchist group and sent into internal exile in Arkhangelsk. HExiled again in 1926 to Petropavlovsk for three years for corresponding with anarchists abroad, and in 1929 he was exiled to Tashkent for an additional three years. In 1974, historian Paul Avrich reported rumors that Kabas-Tarasyuk had returned to the United and lived in Chicago.
Born: 1899, Gukovo, Russia Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Occupation: Laborer Migration: Immigrated to US 1917 Affiliation: Socialist Party of America; Union of Russian Workers
Entered the United States in 1917 by jumping ship. He joined the Bristol, Connecticut branch of the Socialist Party of America and later became a member of the Union of Russian Workers in Hartford, Connecticut. Arrested in December 1919 and deported on the Buford on December 21.
Sources: INS file 54709/614.
Samuel Kadatsky (or Kodatsky)
Born: Russia, year unknown Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Occupation: Migration: Affiliation: Communist Party of America
A member of the Communist Party of America. Arrested during the second Palmer Raids in January 1920 and deported to Russia on December 23, 1920. No further biographical has been found.
Sources: INS file 54325/36G; Butte Daily Bulletin, December 29, 1920.
Paul Kalach
Born: Russia, year unknown Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Occupation: Migration: Affiliation: Communist Party of America
A member of the Communist Party of America in Detroit. Deported to Russia on January 6, 1921. No additional biographical information has been identified.
Deported as a radical to Russia on February 26, 1921. No further biographical information has been found.
Sources: INS file 55110/4.
Ivan Kalenov (a.k.a. John Kaleanoff; John Chaljin)
Born: 1897, Kubasovo, Russia Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Occupation: Laborer Migration: Immigrated to US 1913 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers
Joined the Union of Russian Workers in 1917. He served as a volunteer organizer for the URW and frequently acted as chairman of meetings and as a delegate to organizational conventions. Also a member of the Workers’ Defense League. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919 and deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.
Sources: INS file 54709/231.
George Kaltejika
Born: 1890, Russia Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Occupation: Laborer Migration: Immigrated to US 1913 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers
His wife remained in Russia while he emigrated. A member of the Union of Russian Workers, he was arrested in Youngstown, Ohio, during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919 and deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.
Sources: INS file 54709/199.
Stepan Kaminsky (a.k.a. Steve Kaminsky)
Kaminsky’s URW membership card. National Archives.
Born: 1896, Podolia, Russia (present-day Ukraine) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Ukrainian Occupation: Machinist Migration: Immigrated to US 1914 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers; IWW
In 1919, he joined the Elizabeth, New Jersey branch of the Union of Russian Workers, where he taught arithmetic classes and participated actively in organizational life. He also joined the Industrial Workers of the World in October 1919. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919 and deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.
Sources: INS file 54709/158.
Ivan Kamisoruk (a.k.a. John; Komisaruk)
Born: 1884, Obertyn, Russia (present-day Ukraine) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Ukrainian Occupation: Laborer Migration: Immigrated to Canada 1913 or 1914; immigrated to US 1917 Affiliation: Communist Party of America
His wife and two children remained in Ukraine. In Detroit, he joined Ukrainian Branch No. 128 of the Communist Party of America. Deported to Russia on February 26, 1921.
Sources: INS file 54859/781.
Samuel Kanovich (or Kanonovich; Kanowich)
Born: 1891, Vilna, Russia (present-day Lithuania) Nationality: Russia Ethnicity: Jewish Occupation: Migration: Immigrated to US 1911 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers
Became a member and secretary of the Perth Amboy, New Jersey branch of the Union of Russian Workers. Arrested in New York in December 1919 and deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.
Deported to Hungary as a radical on May 8, 1920. No further information regarding his background or political activities has been found.
Sources: INS file 54325/36G.
Gust Karniski
The circular Karniski was distributing when arrested. National Archives.
Born: 1886, Vilna, Russia (present-day Lithuania) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Polish Occupation: Occupation: Laborer Migration: Immigrated to US 1906 Affiliation: Communist Party of America
He married and had a child while living in Chicago. Joined the Socialist Party of America and was latertransferred into the Communist Party, though he denied this to immigration authorities. In April 1921, he was arrested by “two citizens” for distributing “anarchistic literature,” specifically May Day circulars published by the Communist Party of America. “Voluntarily departed” on May 4, 1923.
Born: 1872, Mogilev, Russia (present-day Belarus) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Jewish Occupation: Sailor; carpenter Migration: Immigrated to US 1917 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers; Workers’ International Industrial Union
Migrated to England in 1914; then to Canada and back to England in 1916. Jumped ship in the United States in 1917. Joined the Union of Russian Workers in Buffalo in July 1919 and was also a member of the Workers’ International Industrial Union. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919 and deported to Russia aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919. At the time of his deportation, his wife and four children remained in Russia.
Sources: INS file 54709/144; FBI file OG 8000-378509.
Joseph Kish
Born: 1889, Aranyosgyéres, Hungary (present-day Câmpia Turzii, Romania) Nationality: Hungarian Ethnicity: Hungarian Occupation: Laborer Migration: Immigrated to US 1911 Affiliation: Socialist Party of America; IWW
Joined the Hungarian Federation of the Socialist Party of America around 1912 and became a member of the IWW in 1919. Arrested in Cleveland during the May Day disturbances of 1919 and sentenced to thirty days in the workhouse for disturbing the peace. Arrested again in July 1919, he spent nearly nine months confined in the overcrowded and unsanitary Cuyahoga County Jail while awaiting deportation. Deported on March 21, 1920. At the time, his three children were living in Hungary with his mother.
Sources: INS file 54616/236.
Nikolai Kizer (a.k.a. Nick; Nicholas)
Born: 1896, Grodno, Russia (present-day Belarus) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Occupation: Laborer Migration: Immigrated to US 1915 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers
Alleged to be the secretary of the Hartford, Connecticut branch of the Union of Russian Workers. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, along with his cousin Peter Kizer. Due to an administrative error, Peter was mistakenly sent to Ellis Island while Nikolai remained in the Hartford city jail, but the mistake was later corrected. Nikolai was deported to Russia on January 22, 1921.
Sources: INS files 54709/160 and 54709/265; Bruce B. Sherbert, “The Palmer Raids in Connecticut, 1919–1920,” Connecticut Review 5, no. 1 (1971).
Nikolai Klemiatov (or Nicholas Klemiatoff; Kleminatoff)
Nikolai Klemiatov, c. 1920. National Archives.
Born: 1891, Vilna, Russia (present-day Lithuania) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Not specified Occupation: Laborer Migration: Immigrated to the US 1912 Affiliation: Socialist Party of America; Communist Party of America
Joined the Socialist Party of America in Pittsburgh and transferred to the Communist Party of America in 1919. Arrested in October 1920 and deported to Russia on February 1, 1921.
Sources: INS file 54885/48.
Efim Kochovetz (a.k.a. M. Berisoff)
Born: 1888, Minsk, Russia (present-day Belarus) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Belarusian Occupation: Laborer; organizer Migration: Immigrated to US 1907 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers
Joined the Union of Russian Workers in New York in 1914 and later became secretary of the New London, Connecticut branch, where he also taught arithmetic classes in its school. Arrested in Hartford during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919 and deported aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919.
Sources: INS file 54709/161.
Efim Kolesnikov (a.k.a. John Kolesnikoff; Joachim)
Efim Kolesnikov (center, standing) with other URW members arrested in New York, November 7, 1919. National Archives.
Born: 1880, Kursk, Russia Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Occupation: Ship reamer Migration: Immigrated to US 1912 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers
A widower, Kolesnikov joined the Union of Russian Workers in New York in 1919. He was arrested and beaten during the first Palmer Raids on November 7, 1919, during the raid on the Russian People’s House in New York. Deported aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919.
Sources: INS file 54709/454.
Jim Komar (or Jonar)
Born: 1879, Chernihiv, Russia (present-day Ukraine) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Ukrainian Occupation: Laborer Migration: Immigrated to US 1913 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers
Joined the Union of Russian Workers in 1919. He was arrested in Youngstown, Ohio during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919 and deported aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919. His wife and two children remained in Russia.
Sources: INS file 54709/544; FBI file OG 378979.
Pavel Konavalchuk (a.k.a. Paul)
Born: 1894, Russia Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Occupation: Machinist Migration: Immigrated to US 1911 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers
A member of the Union of Russian Workers in Newark until the organization was broken up in November 1919. Arrested in Newark on January 3, 1920, he openly identified as an anarchist but stated his opposition to violence. Despite having a wife and American-born child in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, he was deported to Russia on February 26, 1921.
Makliarchuk’s Communist Party membership card. National Archives.
Born: 1878, Kamianets-Podilskyi, Russia (present-day Ukraine) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Occupation: Migration: Immigrated to US 1913 Affiliation: Communist Party of America
Joined the Socialist Party of America and later the Communist Party of America in Philadelphia. Arrested January 7, 1920, he was deported to Russia February 1, 1921.
Sources: INS file 54811/943.
Ivan Malash (a.k.a. John Malash)
Born: 1891, Aleksandrovka, Minsk, Russia (present-day Belarus) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Occupation: Mason; laborer Migration: Immigrated to US 1913 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers
Joined the Norwich, Connecticut branch of the URW in October 1919 and became its financial secretary. Arrested at his home in Yantic, Connecticut, February 1920, he was deported January 22, 1921.
Sources: INS file 54861/10; FBI file OG 353738.
Vasily Malevsky (a.k.a. Wassily Maliewsky)
Born: 1898, Khomsk, Grodno, Russia (present-day Belarus) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Occupation: Machinist Migration: Immigrated to US 1914 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers
Joined the URW in Newark in April 1919, though evidence suggested he may have been a member as early as 1917. Arrested during a raid on URW headquarters in Akron, Ohio, during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.
Sources: INS file 54709/536.
Dan Malina
Born: 1894, Grodno region, Russia (present-day Belarus) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Occupation: Metalworker Migration: Immigrated to US 1913 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers
Worked in New Castle and Elwood, Pennsylvania, and later in Akron for Firestone. Arrested November 1919 for belonging to the URW, he denied radicalism and was released for lack of evidence. Rearrested February 22, 1921, he admitted being an anarchist and was deported March 18, 1921.
Sources: INS file 55009/21; FBI file OG 8000-355192.
Karl Malmstrom
Born: 1897, Ystad, Sweden Nationality: Swedish Ethnicity: Occupation: Laborer Migration: Immigrated to US 1915 Affiliation: IWW
Joined the IWW in Portland, Oregon, December 1916. Arrested February 1917 in San Francisco for distributing IWW literature and sentenced to sixty days, he was arrested again in Seattle in 1918 on the same charge and in Everett, Washington, March 1919, when he was held for deportation. Asked if he wished to become a US citizen, he replied, “Never…I am a citizen of the world,” and stated “that workers should be ready to take up arms for industrial freedom”For the workers to get industrial freedom, I would pick up arms at any time…Just like in Russia—do away with the parasites.” He was deported June 29, 1919 as “likely to become a public charge.”
Sources: INS file 54616/34.
Ustin Manko (a.k.a. Austin; Justyn)
Ustin Manko, c. 1935. Unidentified clipping, INS file 54861/146.
Born: 1894, Kherson, Russia (present-day Ukraine) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Ukrainian Occupation: Machinist Migration: Immigrated to US 1913 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers
Joined the URW in Bridgeport, Connecticut, May 1919. Arrested February 1920, he married Julia Chervenak while on bail from Ellis Island May 11, 1920. Deported January 22, 1921, accompanied by Julia.
In Ukraine they had a son. Suspected by Bolsheviks of being a spy, he migrated with his family in 1924 to Turkey, then France (where a daughter was born), and in 1927 to Mexico (where another son was born). Julia, a US citizen, returned to the United States in 1932 and brought their children in 1933, but Manko was forced to remain in Mexico City. His attempts to rejoin them failed after a US Public Health inspector deemed him “insane.” Letters to his family became increasingly paranoid and incoherent. He died in Mexico City in 1976. He is the subject (under the name “Austin Voronkov”) of the semi-fictional novel The Invention of Exile (2014) by his granddaughter, Vanessa Manko.
Born: Russia Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Occupation: Migration: Affiliation:
Deported to Russia as a radical on January 22, 1921. No further information has been found.
Sources: INS file 54325/36G.
Julius Manninger (a.k.a. Julius Pichler; Julian)
Born: 1896, Ponitz, Austria-Hungary (present-day Hungary) Nationality: Austrian Ethnicity: Occupation: Laborer Migration: Immigrated to US 1909 Affiliation: Socialist Party of America
Joined the Socialist Party and attended a single meeting of the Communist Party of America. Arrested January 1920 in Fort Wayne, Indiana, he was deported to Austria June 22, 1920 as an alleged Communist Party member.
In February 1921 Assistant Secretary of Labor Louis F. Post concluded that the deportation had been carried out in error due to a misunderstanding of the facts. Manninger returned to the United States in December 1921 under his family name, Pichler, and declared his intention to become a US citizen.
Sources: INS file 54859/122; Hancock Democrat (Greenfield IN), January 26, 1922; Garrett Clipper (Garrett IN), January 30, 1922.
Born: 1874, Edinburgh, Scotland Nationality: British Ethnicity: Scottish Occupation: Miner Migration: Immigrated to U.S. c. 1901 Affiliation: IWW; anarchist
Migrated to South Africa c. 1900, then to Australia and Mexico, before arriving in the United States around 1901. Worked in mines and acted as an IWW propagandist on both sides of the U.S.–Mexico border. Although he filed a declaration of intent to naturalize, he never completed his application for citizenship, explaining, “I traveled all over the country and saw too much.” Arrested in Deming, New Mexico, in September 1919, he was deported April 3, 1920.
Sources: INS file 54709/648; The Deming Headlight (Deming, NM), September 26, 1919.
Anton Minarich (a.k.a. Tony)
Born: 1891, near Fiume, Austria-Hungary (present-day Croatia) Nationality: Yugoslavian Ethnicity: Occupation: Laborer Migration: Migrated to U.S. 1909 Affiliation: Communist Party of America
Worked for the Ford Motor Company Hospital in Detroit and joined South Slavic Branch No. 17 of the Communist Party in 1919. Arrested during the second Palmer Raids in January 1920 and held at Fort Wayne, he was deported to Yugoslavia on June 19, 1920.
Born: c. 1888, Russia Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Occupation: Laborer Migration: Migrated to US 1913 Affiliation: Communist Party of America
His wife and three children remained in Russia. He joined Russian Branch No. 1 of the Communist Party of America in Rachine, Wisconsin. Arrested January 2, 1920, and deported to Russia February 26, 1921.
Source: INS file 54859-167.
Petr Ivanovich Mironovich
Mironovich’s URW membership card. National Archives.
Born: 1900, Russia Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Occupation: Laborer Migration: Migrated to US 1915 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers
Belonged to the URW in New York and later Hartford, Connecticut. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.
Source: INS file 54709/527.
______ Mirolyubov
Born: Russia, year unknown Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Occupation: Migration: Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers
A member of the Union of Russian Workers in Akron, Ohio, he was deported to Russia. No further information has been found.
Sources:Probuzhdenie, January 1932.
Simeon Misnik (a.k.a. Semeon; Minnik)
Born: Russia, year unknown Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Occupation: Migration: Affiliation:
Arrested during the second Palmer Raids in January 1920 and agreed to “voluntary departure” to Russia October 16, 1920. No further information has been found.
Deported to Hungary as a radical on March 21, 1920. No additional information has been found.
Source: NS file 54325/36G.
Xavier Mitalski (a.k.a. Prostopluk)
Born: 1885, Volyn, Russia (present-day Ukraine) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Occupation: Carpenter Migration: Migrated to US 1909 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers
Worked in New York, Chicago, and Detroit and belonged to the URW along with his brothers and cousin. Arrested in Chicago November 14, 1919, he claimed his membership lasted only “a month and a half,” though authorities found URW literature in his apartment. Deported to Russia March 18, 1921.
Sources: INS file 54709/434; FBI file OG 8000-385993.
Nicholas Mlaveransky (or Mlaverausky)
Born: 1894, Russia Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Occupation: Machinist Migration: Migrated to US 1914 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers
Joined the URW in Bridgeport, Connecticut, in 1918. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.
Source: INS file 54709/376.
Ketia Fedrovich Molkowsky (a.k.a. L.C. Marten; Leo Martin)
Arrested in Seattle in September 1919 and deported on the Buford on December 21 as a contract laborer and as “likely to become a public charge,” though officials also suspected radicalism.
Source: Committee on Immigration and Naturalization, House of Representatives, Communist and Anarchist Deportation Cases.
Aggi Molochko (a.k.a. Mike A. Molaka)
Born: 1889, Starobin, Russia (present-day Belarus) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Belarusian Occupation: Millworker Migration: Migrated to US 1913 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers
Joined the URW in Norwich, Connecticut, in February 1918. Arrested during the second Palmer Raids in January 1920, he was deported February 1, 1921.
Sources: INS file 54861/8; FBI file OG 380828.
Peter Moloishik (or Maloishun)
Moloishik’s URW membership card. National Archives.
Born: 1895, Grodna, Russia (present-day Belarus) Nationality: Polish Ethnicity: Russian Occupation: Laborer; moulder Migration: Migrated to US 1912 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers
Although he claimed Polish citizenship, authorities listed his “race” as Russian. He joined the URW in May 1919. Arrested in Marshall, Michigan, November 14, 1919, he was deported to Poland January 22, 1921.
Born: c. 1881, Pozaldez, Spain Nationality: Spanish Ethnicity: Occupation: Laborer; union organizer Migration: Immigrated to US 1910. Affiliation: IWW
Emigrated first to the U.S.-controlled Panama Canal Zone in 1908 and then to the United States in 1910. After joining the Industrial Workers of the World in California in 1911, he organized Spanish-speaking workers across Southern California and led a major citrus workers’ strike in Covina from January to February 1919. Arrested and sentenced to thirty days in jail for assault during the strike. Arrested again in February 1919 for allegedly violating the Espionage Act, he was never brought to trial but was deported later that year.
In 1932 he was living in Málaga and subscribing to the anarchist magazine Estudios published in Valencia.
Sources: FBI file OG 8000-96994; Nelson Van Valen, “The Bolsheviki and the Orange Growers,” Pacific Historical Review 22, no. 1 (1953); David M. Struthers, The World in a City: Multiethnic Radicalism in Early Twentieth-Century Los Angeles; Estudios: Generación Consciente, October 1932.
Prokofen Savach (a.k.a. Peter Sawich, Savitch)
Born: 1889, Minsk, Russia (present-day Belarus) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Occupation: Laborer Migration: Immigrated to Canada 1914; then to US 1918 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers
His wife remained in Russia while he emigrated to Canada in 1914, where he joined the Union of Russian Workers, and then entered the United States in 1918, later residing in Seattle. Questioned about his citizenship, he replied “I don’t see any reason why I should change my nationality. Being an American citizen, I would have to work just as hard as if I was a Russian.” He was deported to Russia on January 22, 1921.
Sources: INS file 54860/412.
Sergei Savchuk (or Savshuk)
Born: 1894, Russia Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Occupation: Longshoreman Migration: Immigrated to US 1912 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers
Joined Branch No. 1 of the Union of Russian Workers in Baltimore in 1918. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he was deported aboard the transport Buford on December 21, 1919.
Born: 1887, Lesnoy, Minsk, Russia (present-day Belarus) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Polish Occupation: Machinist Migration: Immigrated to US 1911 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers
Likely involved in anarchist activity in Russia before emigrating.
In the United States he worked for Gould & Eberhardt in Irvington, New Jersey. He served on the organizing committee of the Newark branch of the Union of Russian Workers. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he participated in a hunger strike at Ellis Island protesting a wire screen separating detainees from visitors and was deported aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919.
In Petrograd he was arrested in June 1923 during Soviet raids on anarchists, imprisoned for seven weeks, and joined fourteen others in a hunger strike before being sentenced to two years’ internal exile in Pyatigorsk.
Sources: INS file 54709/348; FBI file OG 378917; Behind the Bars (New York), January 1924; International Committee for Political Prisoners, Letters from Russian Prisons; G.P. Maximoff, The Guillotine at Work: Twenty Years of Terror in Russia (Data and Documents).
Petr Stepanovich Savko (a.k.a. Sawka)
Born: c. 1893, Zagorie region, Russia (present-day Belarus) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: . Occupation: Machinist Migration: Immigrated to US 1913 Affiliation: Communist Party of America
Became a member and secretary of the Russian Branch of the Communist Party in Waterbury, Connecticut. Deported to Russia on January 22, 1921.
Sources: INS file 54861/328.
Andrey Savruk (a.k.a. Andrew Sawruk)
Born: 1892, Austria-Hungary (present-day Ukraine) Nationality: Hungarian Ethnicity: Ukrainian Occupation: Typesetter Migration: Immigrated to US 1910 Affiliation: Communist Party of America
Around 1917 he joined the Socialist Party of America and in 1919 transferred into the Communist Party of America while living in Detroit. Deported to Hungary on May 8, 1920.
Sources: INS file 54325/36G; FBI file OG 385566.
Timofey Saychenko
Born: Russia Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Occupation: Migration: Affiliation:
Deported to Russia as a radical on December 12, 1920. No further information has been located.
Sources: INS file 54325/36G.
Giuseppe Scali
Giuseppe Scali, c. 1920. Archivio Centrale dello Stato, Italy.
Born: 1874, Pisa, Italy Nationality: Italian Ethnicity: Occupation: Laborer Migration: Immigrated to US 1906 Affiliation: Anarchist
By 1900 he was already active in distributing anarchist publications. After briefly relocating to Corsica in 1901, he settled in Carrara, Italy, where he became the first editor of the anarchist newspaper Combattiamo! (1902–1904). In 1903 he moved to Lucerne to avoid arrest for defamation charges, and in 1906 emigrated to the United States.
By 1907 he was living in San Francisco, collaborating on the individualist anarchist paper Nihil and joining the Gruppo Iconoclasti, later reorganized as the Gruppo Anarchico Volontà aligned with Luigi Galleani. Arrested in October 1916 with other Italian radicals for disturbing the peace, he received a ninety-day sentence. Arrested again in May 1918 during raids targeting Galleani’s associates, he was released on bail. Asked whether he had ever advocated anarchy, he replied, “Yes, whenever I had a chance.” Detained again after posting bail for fellow anarchist Michele Centrone, after a month he wrote to conservative Congressman Albert Johnson requesting that his deportation be expedited. Deported to Italy June 19, 1920.
Back in Italy he remained under government surveillance until 1929 and was reportedly still an anarchist, though no longer politically active.
Sources: INS file 54379/313; CPC busta 4652; Cronaca Sovversica; Maurizio Antonioli et al., Dizionario biografico degli anarchici italiani.
Born 1892, Brest-Litovsk, Russia (present-day Brest, Belarus). Belarusian. Laborer. Migrated to US 1913. Circa 1918 joined Branch No. 1 of the Union of Russian Workers in Baltimore, then transferred into Branch No. 4; became the brach treasurer. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids, November 1919. Deported on the Buford. Subsequent activities unknown.
Born 1881, Nakhichevan, Russia (present-day Nakhichevan, Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic). Persian. Laborer; carpenter. Migrated to US 1914. Wife and two children in Russia. He was once hospitalized for six weeks in Newport, Kentucky, after he “fell down in some hot water in the Andrew Steel Co.” 1916 moved to Detroit, where employed as an autoworker and briefly opened a soft drink stand at River View Park. September 1917 joined the Union of Russian Workers. Arrested October 14, 1918 for distributing radical literature at an Armenian coffeehouse. The local U.S. Attorney took a special interest in his case; he ordered all of the confiscated literature destroyed, and paroled Tagiev on the condition that he purchase $100 in Liberty Bonds and cease patronizing Detroit’s “Turkish” coffeehouses—although he was told that since he could not speak Greek, he was free to “go to the Greek coffee houses.” Despite Tagieff’s compliance (which required him to borrow $50 from a friend), he was detained again in February 1919 as an alien anarchist and a person “likely to become a public charge” (after being forced to spend $100!). He was held incommunicado for a week, and immigration agents confiscated “a book in Persian that was 500 years old that he had prized” (likely a Quran or other family heirloom). Deported on the Buford. Subsequent activities unknown.
INS file 54616/82
See also: Agnes Inglis Papers, Joseph A. Labadie Collection, University of Michigan
George Talas
Deported to Hungary, May 8, 1920. No further information found.
Included on list of deported radicals in INS file 54325/36G
William Tanner (Karl William Tanner)
Born 1884, Kuopio, Finland. Mechanic. Migrated to Canada 1911; from there migrated to US in 1912 (though he later mistakenly claimed 1914). Became prominent Finnish member of the IWW; wrote for and edited Finnish-language IWW newspaper. Defendant at the federal IWW trial 1917-18; sentenced to five years in prison. An enthusiastic supporter of the Bolshevik Revolution, he apparently joined the Communist Party of America while in Leavenworth Penitentiary, and by 1919 promoted what he called “Bolshevism-IWWism,” or “industrial communism.” July 1922 his sentence was commuted on the condition of deportation. Because the “Government of Finland may raise objections to receiving this man and might refuse to issue a passport,” he was deported to Russia on the grounds that Finland had been a Russian territory at the time of his birth, and because Russia was willing to issue him a passport. Deported October 31, 1922. Upon his departure Tanner declared: “Deported to Soviet Russia, I will continue fighting under the red flag of the workers’ republic for the crushing of world imperialism and for the building of the republic of work. Long live the class solidarity of the proletariat and the red Internationals.” 1923 migrated to Finland. 1925 became a speaker for the Communist-affiliated Suomen Ammattijärjestö (Finnish Trade Union Confederation) and an organizer for the Communists’ Sosialistinen työväen ja pienviljelijöiden vaalijärjestö (Socialist Electoral Organization of Workers and Smallholders ). 1927-1930 a member of the Finnish Parliament, where he “manifested communist orthodoxy.” In late 1930 he returned to the Soviet Union, where he worked for the Comintern. In 1935 he was a lecturer at the International Lenin School and director of a Moscow watch factory; that same year he was arrested as part of Stalin’s purges and sentenced to five years in the gulag at the White Sea-Baltic Canal for “counter-revolutionary activity”; 1937 transferred to the Ukhta-Izhemsk Camp. Released 1940 and died that same year.
INS file 54616/153
See also: Ancestry.com; Industrial Workers of the World Collection, Walter P. Reuther Library, Wayne State University; Auvo Kostiainen, The Forging of Finnish-American Communism, 1917-1924: A Study in Ethnic Radicalism; Tommi Kippola, “Transnationell syndikalism i ett lokalt rum: Industrial Workers of the World och finländarna i Duluth 1915–1921” https://www.doria.fi/handle/10024/169623; https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tanner
Vasiliy Ivanovich Tarasyuk (Василий Иванович Тарасюк; Wasily; Tarasiuk; Tarasiak)
Photo of Tarasyuk and two friends
Born 1891, Kobrinsky Uyezd, Russia (present-day Belarus). Migrated to US 1910. Joined the Hartford, Connecticut branch of the Union of Russian Workers circa early 1919. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids, November 1919. Deported on the Buford. Subsequent activities unknown.
INS file 54709/525
Alex Targony (таргони)
Born 1896, Volhynia region, Russia. Polish. Driver. Migrated to US 1913. Worked as driver for a milk delivery company in Youngstown, Ohio. Political affiliation unknown, but in 1917 he claimed exemption on his draft registration card on the grounds that he would “not fight against brother.” Arrested sometime prior to January 9, 1920. Deported to Russia, January 22, 1921. No further information found.
Included on list of deported radicals in INS file 54325/36G
