Carl Ahlteen (or Carl Althén; born Karl Emil Johansson)
Carl Ahlteen, 1918. National Archives.
Born: 1888, Sweden Nationality: Swedish Ethnicity: Occupation: Painter; editor Migration: Immigrated to US 1911 Affiliations: IWW
Editor of the Swedish-language IWW paper Allarm beginning in 1915, and a personal friend of Joe Hill. Arrested in Minneapolis in 1917 and convicted in the federal IWW mass trial; sentenced to twenty years’ imprisonment and a $20,000 fine. Studied homeopathy while in prison. Released from Leavenworth in 1923 on condition of deportation; deported January 13, 1923.
In Sweden he joined the syndicalist Sveriges Arbetares Centralorganisation and spoke at a 1924 memorial meeting for Joe Hill. Later abandoned labor activism, practiced homeopathy in Stockholm, and was convicted of malpractice in 1933 following several patients’ deaths. Subsequently moved to Colombia and the Panama Canal Zone, where he continued his practice until his death in 1948. His widow and son subsequently relocated to California, and interred his ashes in Oakland.
Born: 1893, Vilna, Russia (present-day Vilnius, Lithuania) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Lithuanian Occupation: Laborer; steelworker Migration: Immigrated to US 1914 Affiliations: Communist Party of America
Settled in Pittsburgh, where he joined Communist Party of America in 1919 shortly after its founding. Arrested in November 1919 and deported on February 1, 1921.
Sources: INS file 54860/337; FBI file OG 382279
August Allman (or Allmann)
Born: 1870, Obereisenbach, Sankt Julian, Germany Nationality: German Ethnicity: Occupation: Agricultural worker Migration: Immigrated to US 1887 Affiliation: IWW
Joined the IWW at least as early as 1917; arrested in 1918 in Walla Walla, Washington. Like all immigrant IWW members arrested in Washington, charged with promoting illegal destruction of property and being “likely to become a public charge” (despite having $528 in savings). Due to his German nationality, he was interned as an “alien enemy” at Fort Douglas, Utah. Deported on September 25, 1919.
Source: INS file 54379/36
Lars Anderson (or Andersson)
IWW stickers in Anderson’s possession when arrested. National Archives.
Born: 1881, Sweden Nationality: Swedish Ethnicity: Occupation: Laborer Migration: Immigrated to US (via Canada) 1904 Affiliation: IWW
Immigrated in 1904 without inspection and subsequently crossed between the US and Canada several times for work. Joined the IWW in 1916. Arrested in Spokane, Washington, in 1918. In possession of a number of IWW stickers (or “silent agitators”) when arrested. Deported on November 4, 1918.
Sources: INS file 54379/241
Peter Anderson (or Andersson; a.k.a. Peter Martel)
Born: 1885, Sweden Nationality: Swedish Ethnicity: Occupation: Laborer Migration: Immigrated to Canada 1908; then to US 1910 Affiliation: IWW
Joined the IWW in 1917 in Montana; later belonged to the Rockford, Illinois IWW Literature Committee. Arrested in 1918 for distributing IWW literature; deported on July 21, 1920.
Sources: INS file 54709/532; FBI file OG 8000-212463
Henning Anderson (or Andersson)
Henning Anderson’s IWW delegate credentials. National Archives.
Born: 1884, Sweden Nationality: Swedish Ethnicity: Occupation: Sailor; laborer Migration: Immigrated to US 1908 Affiliation: IWW
Worked a number of jobs between the US and Canada until 1915. Joined the IWW in 1912; became a union organizer and delegate for the IWW’s Lumber Workers Industrial Union. Arrested in Spokane, Washington, in March 1918; deported on November 4, 1918.
Born: 1897, Petrograd, Russia Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Occupation: Seaman; acrobat; actor Migration: Immigrated to US 1915 Affiliation: Anarchist
Worked as a seaman between the ages of fifteen and nineteen before becoming a traveling acrobat and actor. In the United States he met Emma Goldman and maintained regular contact with her; also a vegetarian who opposed the killing of animals. Toured with the variety troupe “The Five Pandurs,” and his American employer reported that he actively disseminated socialist and anarchist literature and ideas while traveling on tour. Andreyev also belonged to the White Rats Actors’ Union of America (an AFL affiliate) and took part in its 1916–17 strike in New York City. He was arrested in Chicago in 1918 after federal agents traced issues of the Mother Earth Bulletin to him. After release on bail, he was deported on January 22, 1921.
Sources: FBI file OG 8000-133039; Harry Weinberger Papers, Yale University.
Anton Andronsyuk (or Andronsuk; Androusuk)
Born: 1893, Grodno Province, Russia (present-day Belarus) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Belarusian Occupation: Laborer Migration: Immigrated to US 1911 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers
At the time of his arrest in November 1919, he served as financial secretary of the Buffalo branch of the Union of Russian Workers. Deported aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919.
Sources: INS file 54709/137
Roman Andryuk (or Andriuk)
Born: 1893, Grodno Province, Russia (present-day Belarus) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Belarusian Occupation: Sailor (marine fireman) Migration: Immigrated to US 1913 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers
Joined the Union of Russian Workers in 1918. Arrested in New York during the Palmer Raids of November 1919, he voiced his support for the Soviet government during interrogation. He was deported aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919.
Sources: INS file 54709/272
George Angulus (a.k.a. Charles Stern)
Born: c. 1888, Libau, Russia (present-day Liepāja, Latvia) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Latvian Occupation: Carpenter Migration: Immigrated to US 1909 Affiliation: Communist Party of America
A socialist in Russia prior to migrating to the United States; he joined Cleveland’s Lettish Branch No. 1 of the Socialist Party of America, which transferred into the Communist Party of America in 1919. Arrested twice—in December 1919 and again in March 1920—and deported to Soviet Russia on February 26, 1921.
Sources: INS file 54811/4
Antoniy Anisenya (or Anthony Anisienia)
Born: 1887, Sobolki, Russia (present-day Belarus) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Belarusian Occupation: Migration: Immigrated to US 1913 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers
Joined the Hartford, Connecticut branch of the Union of Russian Workers in 1919. Arrested in November of that year, he was deported aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919. Wife died in childbirth in Russia shortly after his emigration, and he was never reunited with this two children, who were raised by relatives.
Sources: INS file 54709/391; information provided by Katya Anisenya.
Ivan Anotsky (or Onotsky; Onotzky)
Born: 1893, Grodno Province, Russia (present-day Belarus) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Belarusian Occupation: Porter Migration: Immigrated to US 1915 Affiliation: Communist Party of America
Hoined Russian Branch No. 3 of the Socialist Party in Detroit around 1917, and transferred into the Communist Party of America at its founding in 1919. That same year he traveled to Pittsburgh to speak publicly against the anarchists of the Union of Russian Workers. Arrested in Detroit during the first Palmer Raids in January 1920, he was described by the city’s Review Committee of Citizens as educated, thrifty, hardworking, and of high intelligence. Deported to Russia on February 1, 1921.
Upon arrival, he reportedly volunteered to help suppress the Kronstadt mutiny, afterward became a commissar, and ultimately fell into disfavor. One account claims he became an alcoholic and “degenerate,” and was sentenced to death for embezzlement, but escaped to Poland.
Sources: INS file 54860/602; FBI file OG 386232; Delo Truda, December 1937-February 1938 (with thanks to Malcolm Archibald)
Fedor Antonchick (or Fred/Frederick)
Born: 1891, Grodno Province, Russia (present-day Belarus) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Belarusian Occupation: Longshoreman Migration: Immigrated to Canada 1913; to US 1914 Affiliation: Communist Party of America
Migrated surreptitiously to the United States from Canada in 1914, leaving behind a wife and child in Petrograd. He joined Local 895 of the International Longshoremen’s Association (AFL), and was likely also a member of the Communist Party of America. Arrested in New York on October 20, 1919, during an ILA strike while distributing multilingual Communist Party leaflets, he was arrested again in the November 11 Palmer Raids and once more on November 29 on charges of “criminal anarchy.” He stated that he was not an anarchist but welcomed deportation if he could be sent to rejoin his wife. Deported aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919.
Sources: INS file 54709/94
Alexander Antonov (or Antonoff)
Born: c. 1896, Grodno Province, Russia (present-day Belarus) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Belarusian Occupation: Laborer Migration: Immigrated to Canada 1913; to US 1916 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers; IWW
A member of the both the Union of Russian Workers and the IWW in Pittsburgh, he identified himself as an anarchist. Arrested in Pittsburgh on April 14, 1919, and deported aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919.
Sources: INS file 54616/135
Vladimir Archuk (or Wladzimar Archiuk)
Born: 1888, Minsk, Russia (present-day Belarus) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Belarusian Occupation: Laborer Migration: Immigrated to Canada 1913; to US 1916 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers
Served as a corporal in the Russian Army before emigrating to the United States. In 1919 he joined the Union of Russian Workers in Hartford, Connecticut. Arrested during the nationwide raids of November 1919, he was deported aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919.
Born: Year unknown, Germany Nationality: German Ethnicity: Occupation: Construction worker Migration: Year unknown Affiliation: IWW
Organizer and delegate for the IWW’s Local No. 573 of the Construction Workers’ Industrial Union in Seattle. He refused to register for the draft during the First World War and was arrested in February 1919 during a raid on the Seattle IWW headquarters. Charged with “criminal anarchy,” he declined to answer investigators’ questions. Because of his German nationality, he was interned as an “alien enemy” at Fort Douglas, Utah. He was released on condition of “voluntary repatriation” and deported on June 23, 1919.
Sources: INS file 54616/32; FBI file OG 347754
Charles Ashleigh
Charles Ashleigh, 1918. National Archives.
Born: 1889, London, England Nationality: British Ethnicity: English; Jewish Occupation: Clerk; laborer; union organizer; journalist Migration: Immigrated to Argentina 1909; to US 1912 Affiliation: IWW; Communist Party of America
Raised in a middle-class environment, Ashleigh joined the Independent Labour Party at age fifteen, later affiliating with the Fabian Society and the Social Democratic Federation. He served as a secretary of the Fabian Society from 1908 and was active in the socialist Clarion Scouts. At the behest of the ILP, he organized among South Wales coal miners in 1908–9. In 1909 he moved to Buenos Aires to work as a clerk with the Central Argentine Railroad, founded a Socialist Club there, and wrote for the Buenos Aires Herald. After traveling on foot through Argentina, Chile, and Peru, he worked his way as a crew member to Portland in 1912, then regularized his legal status by crossing between Canada and the United States. He became a paid speaker for the Socialist Party of America, but soon aligned himself with the IWW and became a paid organizer. He traveled extensively as a journalist, wrote poetry, and participated in the Rangel-Cline and Everett defense campaigns. Openly gay, he maintained a romantic relationship with African American radical poet Claude McKay. Arrested in 1917, he was a defendant in the federal IWW trial and received a ten-year sentence and a $30,000 fine. He joined the Communist Party while incarcerated, and his sentence was commuted in 1921 on the condition of his voluntary departure on February 7, 1922.
In London, Ashleigh transferred to the Communist Party of Great Britain and worked for the Sunday Worker, Daily Worker, and TASS. In 1922 he was dispatched to India to deliver invitations to the Fourth Comintern Congress but was detained and expelled by British authorities, yet was able to complete his mission. Later that year, he worked as a translator at the Fourth Comintern Congress in Moscow and was asked to establish an American information section for the Red International of Labor Unions, and moved to Berlin in 1923 to work for the RILU. He was arrested and expelled from Germany shortly thereafter. Published his semi-autobiographical IWW novel The Rambling Kid in 1930. Sent to Moscow in 1931 to write for The Moscow News/Moscow Daily News, he was expelled from the Soviet Union in 1934 after being denounced as homosexual by a roommate. He remained a member of the CPGB until his death in 1974, though largely marginalized within it.
Sources: INS file 54235/39-A; Steve Kellerman, “Introduction,” Charles Ashleigh, The Rambling Kid (2004); Kevin Morgan, Gidon Cohen, and Andrew Flynn, Communists and British Society, 1920-1991 (2007); Lisa A. Kirschenbaum, International Communism and the Spanish Civil War: Solidarity and Suspicion (2015).
Joseph Kyauskas Aukstuolis
Born: c. 1896, Bartninkai, Russia (present-day Belarus) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Lithuanian Occupation: Deliveryman Migration: Immigrated to US 1913 Affiliation: Socialist Party of America
Joined the Lithuanian Federation of the Socialist Party of America in December 1913 and remained a member until September 1919, serving as secretary of its Cleveland branch for seven months. Although he claimed Russian citizenship, his deportation warrant was issued for Lithuania. Deported on February 26, 1921.
Sources: INS file 54860/795
Aurelio Vincente Azuara (or Vicente Azuara)
Born: 1884, Spain Nationality: Spanish Ethnicity: Occupation: Laborer; miner Migration: Immigrated to Mexico 1907; to US 1912 Affiliation: IWW; anarchist
Migrated to Mexico in 1907 and to the United States in 1912. Joined the IWW in 1913 and became an unofficial organizer. In Los Angeles he edited the unofficial Spanish-language IWW paper El Rebelde (1916–17). Arrested in September 1917, he was a defendant in the federal IWW trial and received a sentence of twenty years and a $10,000 fine. His sentence was commuted on condition of deportation to Spain on March 27, 1923.
Possibly the same Aurelio Vicente Azuara who from Paris requested a visa to visit England on behalf of Spain’s anarcho-syndicalist CNT in 1937, during the Spanish Civil War.
Born: 1864, Turin, Italy Nationality: Italian Ethnicity: Occupation: Miner Migration: Immigrated to US 1907 Affiliation: Anarchist
An orphan and an anarchist, he was expelled from France in 1904 for unclear reasons. He migrated to the United States in 1907 and settled in Spring Valley, Illinois, where he lived with his wife Domenica Cariglio and their adopted son. A supporter of Cronaca Sovversiva, Umanità Nova (Milan), and Alleanza Libertaria (Rome), he was active in local mining strikes. According to Chicago immigration inspector George E. Schubert, Bagaglino was the “actual leader” and “most outspoken” of the Spring Valley anarchists, and “a forcible speaker.” Deported to Italy on March 16, 1921; his wife intended to sell their home and join him.
He continued to correspond with Italian anarchists in the United States. In 1926 he was arrested by fascist authorities for anti-fascist activities and sentenced to several years of mandato al confino (internal exile in a prison colony). He died in Turin in 1936.
Sources: INS file 54885/18; CPC busta 239; Un trentennio di attività anarchica (1915-1945); L’Adunata dei Refrattari, June 6, 1936.
Simon Bagatchuk (a.k.a. Sam Bush)
Born: 1888, Podolsk, Russia Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Occupation: Laborer Migration: Immigrated to US 1913 (via Canada) Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers
Joined the Seattle branch of the Union of Russian Workers in April 1919. Arrested in Seattle on 17 January 1919, and again on 17 November 1919. Deported on February 1, 1921.
Born: 1896, Kiev, Russia (present-day Ukraine) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Ukrainian Occupation: Laborer Migration: Immigrated to US 1913 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers
Employee of Remington Arms Union Metallic Cartridge Company, in Bridgeport, Connecticut. In August 1919 he joined the Union of Russian Workers and was arrested the following month in Hartford. Deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.
Sources: INS file 54709/389.
Ugo Balzano
Born: 1882, Castel di Sangro, Aquila, Italy Nationality: Italian Ethnicity: Occupation: Typographer Migration: Immigrated to US 1903 Affiliation: Anarchist
Employed by Cleveland’s mainstream Italian-language newspaper La Voce del Popolo Italiano. Active in anarchist circles, he belonged to the Circolo Studi Sociali di Cleveland, distributed Cronaca Sovversiva, and published the anarchist paper L’Appello (1916–17). deported on July 28, 1919.
Upon his return to Italy he was immediately arrested for draft evasion during the war. Later subscribed to the paper La Frustra, published by fellow deportee Giobbe Sanchini. Balzano died in his hometown in 1926.
Walter Banaczyk’s Communist Party membership card. National Archives.
Born: 1901, Słupia, Russia (present-day Poland) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Polish Occupation: Automobile worker Migration: Immigrated to US 1915 Affiliation: Communist Party of America
Migrated to the United States with his mother to rejoin his father. Employed at the Fisher Body plant in Detroit, he joined Branch 37 of the Polish Section of the Communist Party of America in December 1919. Arrested in January 1920 at the age of eighteen, he “voluntary departed” to Poland on October 16, 1920.
Sources: INS file 54859/569; FBI files OG 382042 and BS 202600-768-1.
Peter P. Banaitis
Born: 1899, Lithuania Nationality: Lithuanian Ethnicity: Lithuanian Occupation: Miner; laborer; toolmaker Migration: Immigrated to US 1911 Affiliation: Communist Party of America
Joined Branch 37 of the Lithuanian Section of the Communist Party of America. Arrested in Chicago in January 1920, he remarked that “as people are thrown in jail here for their beliefs he thinks he will enjoy just as much liberty in his native country.” An immigration inspector described him as “a typical Bolshevik and…more or less intelligent…This individual should be deported by all means as he is manifestly and potentially a bad influence.” He was deported to Lithuania on December 9, 1920.
Sources: INS file 54811/563; FBI file OG 382041.
Daniel Bardaio (or Bardal)
Born: c. 1882, Russia Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Occupation: Laborer Migration: Immigrated to US 1906 Affiliation: Communist Party of America
First migrated to the United States in 1906, then moved to Canada in 1908, and returned to the U.S. in 1915. Initially a member of the Socialist Party of America, he later joined the First Russian Branch of the Communist Party of America in Philadelphia. Bardaio was deported on February 1, 1921.
Sources: INS file 54859/124.
Moses Baritz
Moses Baritz, c. 1912. Wikimedia Commons.
Born: 1883, Manchester, England Nationality: British Ethnicity: Russian; Jewish Occupation: Musician; journalist Migration: Immigrated to US 1915 Affiliation: Socialist Party of Great Britain; Socialist Party of the United States
Born in England to Russian Jewish immigrant parents. A musician and journalist, Baritz became a prominent member of the small and sectarian Socialist Party of Great Britain and gained notoriety as a skilled Marxist debater. He migrated to Canada in 1910, helping found the “impossibilist” Socialist Party of North America in 1911, before returning to Britain in 1914 and then moving to the United States in 1915 to avoid conscription. In Detroit he cofounded the small “impossibilist” Socialist Party of the United States (which eventually became the World Socialist Party of the United States). Arrested in Seattle in 1918 due to mistaken identity—he was erroneously alleged to be a Russian anarchist and IWW member—he was permitted to “reship foreign” as a sailor to Australia on September 10, 1918.
Baritz subsequently debated rival radicals in Australia, was the first person expelled from New Zealand in January 1920 under that country’s Undesirable Immigrants Exclusion Act, was barred from entry to Canada, returned to Australia, and was deported again in 1920. On the voyage to England he was barred from disembarking in Cape Town to deliver a speech, but was allowed to briefly go ashore in Durban. In England he resumed SPGB activities and became a noted music critic, and in 1924 he became Britain’s first radio disc jockey. He died in 1938.
S. Barkovsky’s IWW membership card. National Archives.
Born: 1893, Chernihiv, Russia (present-day Ukraine) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Ukrainian Occupation: Machinist Migration: Immigrated to US 1913 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers
Became an active member of the Socialist Party of America, the Industrial Workers of the World, and the Ansonia, Connecticut branch of the Union of Russian Workers. He served as chairman of Luch, a URW front functioning as a mutual-aid society, and was a delegate to the 1919 URW convention. Arrested in June 1919 in Ansonia for “breach of the peace” connected to URW-led strike agitation, and arrested again in Hartford in November 1919, where authorities discovered a large cache of anarchist literature in his home. He was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.
Sources: INS file 54709/405; FBI file OG 8000-364023.
Stanislaw Bartesiewics (a.k.a. Stanley Barton; Joe Rink, Joe Rynkiewich)
Born: 1888, Lithuanian territrories of the Russian Empire Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Polish Occupation: Laborer Migration: Immigrated to US 1913 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers
As a young man he shot and killed a woman under unclear circumstances and fled to the United States in 1899, where his wife joined him. That same year he was extradited back to Russia, convicted, and imprisoned for three years and seven months, during which time his wife remained in the United States and divorced him. He re-entered the U.S. in 1915 and joined the Lithuanian section of the Communist Party of America. In Detroit in 1920 he was denounced as a violent Communist to federal agents by his second wife Julia, as well as his brother George and sister-in-law. Arrested during the January 1920 Palmer Raids, he was deported on January 20, 1921.
Sources: INS file 54861/6; FBI file OG 382016.
Ivan Baskevich (or John Baskevich)
Born: 1897, Russia Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Occupation: Laborer Migration: Immigrated to US 1913 Affiliation: Communist Party of America
Though he held socialist ideas in Russia, he had belonged to no organization prior to emigration. Shortly after his arrival he joined the Socialist Party of America and later became financial secretary of Cleveland’s Russian Branch No. 1 of the Communist Party of America. Arrested in January 1920 and deported to Soviet Russia on February 26, 1921.
Sources: INS file 54859/943.
Aleksandr Ivanovich Batura
Born: Year unknown, Polish territories of the Russian Empire Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Polish Occupation: Migration: Immigrated to US year unknown Affiliation: Anarchist; IWW
An anarchist and member of the IWW, he was arrested in Steubenville, Ohio, and deported to Poland on September 10, 1924.
Upon return to Soviet territory he openly criticized living conditions and declared that “only Commissars and not workers live well here.” For these remarks he was sentenced to the Solovetsky prison camp and subsequently to internal exile. In correspondence circa 1927 he wrote to comrades in the U.S. reporting: “The main thing is that I have no work and it is so hard to get anything. I have been actually starving here, moreover, I am sick.” International anarchist networks sent him aid between 1929 and 1931.
Sources:Pittsburgh Gazette Times, September 6, 1924; Senya Fleshin Papers, International Institute for Social History; G. P. Maximoff, The Guillotine at Work: Twenty Years of Terror in Russia (Data and Documents).
Morris Becker
Born: 1885, Kiev, Russia (present-day Ukraine) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Jewish Occupation: Migration: Immigrated to US 1906 Affiliation: Anarchist
Supporter of Alexander Berkman’s The Blast and participated in the No-Conscription League. One of the first individuals arrested under the Selective Service Act of 1917, he received a sentence of one year and eight months in the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary for interfering with the draft. He described himself as “a man without a country,” an anarchist, and “an advocate of peace and not of force.” Deported on the Buford on January 21, 1919.
In Petrograd he secured factory employment but complained of poor conditions, prompting accusations that he was a “pampered bourgeois” nostalgic for “capitalist America.” After a decade of silence, he sent a coded letter to Alexander Berkman in 1931.
Sources: INS file 54235/32; Emma Goldman, Living My Life; Alexander Berkman Papers, International Institute for Social History.
Max Belesky
Born: 1888, Odessa, Russia (present-day Ukraine) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Jewish Occupation: Carpenter Migration: Immigration to US 1913 Affiliation: Communist Party of America
Left behind a wife and three children in Russia. In Detroit he joined Russian Branch No. 3 of the Socialist Party of America, which later became a Communist Party of America branch. Arrested in January 1920, he accepted “voluntary departure” and returned to Russia on October 16, 1920.
Sources: INS file 54859/752.
Emelyan Belesta (a.k.a. Michael, Andrew, or Andriev Belesta)
Born: 1886, Russia Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Occupation: Laborer Migration: Immigration to Canada 1912; then to US 1916 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers
His wife remained in Russia while he emigrated to Canada. From there he entered the United States without inspection. Joined the Union of Russian Workers in Pittsburgh around 1918 and was described as taking a “prominent” role in local radical meetings. Arrested in 1919 in possession of substantial quantities of radical literature, he was released on bail only to be arrested again for distributing a handbill calling for a nationwide general strike “to enforce the the lifting of the blockade against Russia.” He was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.
He died of typhus in Ufa at an unknown date.
Sources: INS file 54616/134; INS file 54616/89; New-York Tribune, October 4, 1919; Delo Truda, December 1937–February 1938.
Bezil Belousov (or Basil Belusoff)
Born: 1881, Russia Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Occupation: Migration: Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers
Had a wife and three children in Russia. Joined the Union of Russian Workers in 1919 and was arrested in Fairmont, West Virginia, that November. Told immigration authorities he had joined the URW while drunk. Deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.
Sources: INS file 54709/593.
Demyan Belowky
Born: 1882, Russia Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Occupation: Laborer Migration: Immigration to US in 1915 Affiliation: Communist Party of America
Joined the Communist Party in Detroit and was deported on March 18, 1921.
Sources: INS file 54850/994; FBI file OG 382092.
William Bendik (or Bendick)
Flier in Bendik’s possession when arrested. National Archives.
Born: 1894, Grodno, Russia (present-day Belarus) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Belarusian Occupation: Laborer Migration: Immigration to US in 1912 Affiliation: Socialist Party of America or Socialist Labor Party
Although he claimed membership in Russian Branch No. 2 of the Socialist Party in Cleveland, authorities noted that he possessed Socialist Labor Party literature at the time of his 1919 arrest. Neither organizational affiliation legally qualified him for deportation. Instead, the case was built on allegations that after the police attacked a 1919 May Day demonstration, he boasted: “We only gave them a demonstration of what we will do July 4th; we will be prepared and have ammunition and everything, and we will show them what we will do.” Deported on December 21, 1919 on the Buford.
Born: 1880, Vilna, Russia (present-day Lithuania) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Lithuanian Occupation: Tailor Migration: Immigrated to US c. 1902 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers
By 1919 he operated his own tailor shop in Baltimore. He joined the IWW around 1914 but left that organization approximately two years later. In 1917 he became a member of Baltimore Branch No. 1 of the Union of Russian Workers and participated in URW affairs at the national level. Arrested in November 1919 during the first wave of federal raids, he was deported on January 20, 1921.
Sources: INS file 54709/419.
Tom Benich
Born: 1895, Slavonia, Austro-Hungarian Empire (present-day Croatia) Nationality: Austrian Ethnicity: Croatian Occupation: Laborer Migration: Immigrated to US 1912 Affiliation: Communist Party of America
Initially a member of the Socialist Labor Party, he joined South Slavic Branch No. 75 of the Communist Party of America in 1919, later claiming that his purpose in doing so was “to get the members to come over to the Socialist Labor Party.” Arrested in Youngstown, Ohio, in 1920, he declared during interrogation: “I believe that the working men should run this country.” Deported to Yugoslavia on September 1, 1920.
Source: INS file 54811/479; FBI file OG 384859.
Philip Beresko (or Berezka, Borodsky, Berezovsky)
Born: 1896, Grodno, Russia (present-day Belarus) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Belaruaian Occupation: Laborer Migration: Immigrated to US 1913 (via Canada) Affiliation: Communist Party of America
Employed by the Pullman Coach Company. He joined the Socialist Party in Rockford, Illinois, in 1918 and became a member of the Communist Party of America in November 1919. Arrested during the January 1920 Palmer Raids in Chicago, he stated to investigators: “I do not believe in organized government.” While out on bail in August 1920 he was arrested again, together with Kondrate Serovatke, while posting pro-Soviet placards on telephone poles. He accepted “voluntary departure” to Russia on October 16, 1920.
Sources: INS file 54808/7; FBI files OG 811, OG 386686, and BS 202600-152-1.
Edward Berg
Edward Berg’s IWW credentials. National Archives.
Born: 1880, Sweden Nationality: Swedish Ethnicity: Occupation: Union organizer Migration: Immigrated to US 1905 Affiliation: IWW
Joined the Industrial Workers of the World in 1906. He worked as a paid organizer and delegate for Lumber Workers Industrial Union No. 500 of the IWW. Arrested in Spokane, Washington, in April 1918, he was deported on November 4, 1918.
Born: 1885, Russia Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Occupation: Laborer Migration: Immigrated to US 1913 Affiliation: IWW; anarchist
An anarchist, Berger was involved in “revolutionary groups in Russia” and participated in the 1905 Revolution before migrating to the United States. Shortly thereafter he joined the Industrial Workers of the World. Arrested in Fresno, California, in September 1917 for public drunkenness, he was detained when authorities discovered his IWW membership card. Berger stated: “I hold allegiance to no country. The world is my country…I was a syndicalist since I was a lad of 13 or 14.” He was deported aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919.
Sources: INS file 54407/17.
Otto Berglind (a.k.a. August Berdland)
Born: 1880, Västmanland County, Sweden Nationality: Swedish Ethnicity: Occupation: Laborer Migration: Immigrated to Canada 1908; then to US 1913 Affiliation: IWW
Joined the Industrial Workers of the World in 1913. Arrested in Everett, Washington, in January 1918 and deported on October 31, 1918.
Sources: INS file 54379/33.
Alexander Berkman
Alexander Berkman, 1919. National Archives.
Born: 1870, Vilnius, Russia (present-day Lithuania) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Jewish Occupation: Laborer; typesetter; editor Migration: Immigrated to US 1888 Affiliation: Anarchist
Born Ovsei Osipovich Berkman into a prosperous Jewish family. Joined the Russian Populist movement as a student. After migrating to the United States, he became an anarchist and a lifelong collaborator of Emma Goldman. In 1892 he attempted to assassinate industrialist Henry Clay Frick in retaliation for the deaths of several steelworkers during the Homestead Strike. He served fourteen years of a twenty-one-year sentence for attempted murder. Upon his release in 1906 he was one of the country’s most prominent anarchists. He later edited Goldman’s Mother Earth and in 1915 established The Blast in San Francisco. A co-founder of the No-Conscription League, he was arrested under the Selective Service Act in June 1917, served two years in federal prison, and was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.
In Soviet Russia he and Goldman gathered materials for a projected Museum of the Revolution. Initially critically supportive of the Bolshevik dictatorship, he broke with it completely after the Kronstadt mutiny of 1921, prompting his departure with Goldman later that year. Berkman lived precariously in Germany, France, and other European countries and became an important critic of the Soviet regime, most notably through his book The Bolshevik Myth (1925). He co-founded and served as secretary of the Joint Committee for the Defense of Revolutionists Imprisoned in Russia and was active in the RRelief Fund of the International Working Men’s Association for Anarchists and Anarcho-Syndicalists Imprisoned or Exiled in Russia. In ill health and financial distress, he died by suicide in Nice, France, on June 28, 1936.
Sources: INS file 52410/43; Alexander Berkman, The Bolshevik Myth (Diary 1920–1922); Emma Goldman, Living My Life; Paul Avrich and Karen Avrich, The Anarchist Odyssey of Alexander Berkman and Emma Goldman; Alexander Berkman Papers, International Institute for Social History.
Grigoriy Berko (or Gregory Berko/Berkoff/Bezko)
Born: 1894, Grodno, Russia (present-day Belarus) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Belarusian Occupation: Laborer Migration: Immigrated to US 1913 Affiliation: Communist Party of America
Became a member of the Communist Party branch in Rockford, Illinois. Arrested in Chicago during the January 1920 Palmer Raids, he “voluntarily departed” for Soviet Russia on October 16, 1920.
Sources: INS file 54809/8; FBI file BS 202600-150-1.
Charles Bernat
Born: 1879, Russia (somewhere in present-day Estonia) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Estonian Occupation: Lumber worker Migration: Immigrated to US 1902 Affiliation: IWW
Hoined the Industrial Workers of the World around 1908 and became an IWW delegate and organizer. In 1917 he was appointed Secretary of Lumber Workers Industrial Union Local No. 500 in Seattle. Arrested there in June 1918, he was deported on February 1, 1921.
Born: Born 1902, Volyn, Russia (present-day Ukraine) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Ukrainian Occupation: Laborer Migration: Immigrated to US 1909 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers
Nephew of URW activist Peter Bianki. In 1909 he and his sister joined their mother, Alexandra Nikiforovna Bukhanova, in the US. He graduated from high school in Manhattan in 1918 and became secretary of the Greenpoint, Brooklyn branch of the Union of Russian Workers. He was arrested during the Palmer Raids in November 1919 and became the youngest passenger deported aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919.
After returning to Russia he was employed by the Russian-American Tool Plant (Russko-Amerikanskiy instrumental’nyy zavod). In July 1921 he signed (possibly under duress) a statement issued by the Union of Russian Anarchist Workers Repatriated from America that advocated critical support for the Soviet regime. Arrested in 1923 during a crackdown on anarchists. Married 1930s and in 1937 graduated from the Leningrad Industrial Institute with a degree in metallurgy. Assigned to a factory in Voronezh, where his mother, wife, and children joined him. Arrested in July 1938 during the Great Purge and sentenced to five years in the Tomasinlag forced labor camp, where he died November 1942.
Alexander Bukovetsky (or Bukhovetsky; a.k.a. Felix or Feliks Konosevich)
Bukhovetsky with family, c. 1919. National Archives.Bukhovetsky in Windsor, c. 1940s. Delo Truda-Probuzhdenie, January–April 1954.
Born: Born 1886, Ekaterinoslav, Russia (present-day Dnipro, Ukraine) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Ukrainian Occupation: Metalworker Migration: Immigrated to Canada 1908; then to US 1919 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers
Joined the Socialist-Revolutionary Party as a youth and participated in the 1905 Russian Revolution. Migrated with his wife Frances and their daughter to Canada, where a son was born. Became an anarchist in Ontario; moved between the United States and Canada repeatedly for work. Arrested in March 1918 after giving radical speech in Timmins, Ontario, but the charges were dropped. Migrated to the US with family the following year, and employed as a machinist at the Ford Motor Company. Active in the Union of Russian Workers in Detroit and organized URW branches in Jackson and Kalamazoo, Michigan. Arrested in Detroit in January 1920 and detained at Fort Wayne, where on one occasion guards beat him bloody in front of his visiting wife and children. During his detainment, Frances was diagnosed with tuberculosis and the family was “dependent upon the charity of friends for support.” At their request, the entire family was deported February 26, 1921 (Frances being deported as an immigrant who entered the US illegally and was “likely to become a public charge”).
After arrival in Soviet Russia he immediately spoke out against the Communist dictatorship and was arrested as a Makhnovist supporter. Frances obtained his release with the assistance of anarchists including Emma Goldman, and the family emigrated to Germany and then Windsor, Canada, where they remained active in the Russian-speaking anarchist movement. Frances died in 1935; Alexander (under the name “Felix Konosevich”) died in 1954.
Sources: INS file 54709/467; Suzanne Elizabeth Orr, “Deporting the Red Menace: Russian Immigrants, Progressive Reformers, and the First Red Scare in Chicago, 1917–1920″ (PhD diss., University of Notre Dame, 2010); National Popular Government League, To the American People: Report Upon the Illegal Practices of the United States Department of Justice; Emma Goldman, Living My Life; http://monde-nouveau.net/IMG/pdf/Repression_de_l_anarchisme_en_Russie_mis_en_page.pdf; Delo Truda-Probuzhdenie, January–April 1954 (with thanks to Malcolm Archibald).
Mikhail Bushanowits
Born: Born 1887, Minsk, Russia (present-day Belarus) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Belarusian Occupation: Migration: Immigrated to US 1912 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers; IWW
Served in the Russian military before migrating to the United States, where he became active distributing radical literature. He joined the Union of Russian Workers, distributed Russian-language IWW literature, and served as secretary of the Progressive Union of Russian Peasants in Hartford, Connecticut. He was arrested there in December 1919 and deported to Soviet Russia on January 22, 1921.
Sources: INS file 54709/152.
Ivan J. Busija (a.k.a. John J. Busija)
Busija’s Communist Party membership card
Born: Born 1888, Austria-Hungary (likely in present-day Croatia) Nationality: Austrian Ethnicity: Croatian Occupation: Machinist Migration: Immigrated to US 1908 Affiliation: Communist Party of America
An Italian speaker and machinist at Westinghouse in Pittsburgh. Joined East Pittsburgh’s South Slavic Branch No. 5 of the Communist Party of America in October 1919. Arrested December 27, 1919; deported to Yugoslavia via Greece on June 19, 1920.
Sources: INS file 54908/279; FBI file OG 387246.
Paul Bussert
Born: Born 1885, Germany Nationality: German Ethnicity: Occupation: Sailor; laborer Migration: Immigrated to US 1906 Affiliation: IWW
Joined the Industrial Workers of the World in 1916 and was arrested in Walla Walla, Washington, where authorities discovered a large quantity of IWW literature in his room. Considered “above the average in intelligence,” he was interned as an enemy alien at Fort Douglas, Utah, and “voluntarily departed” to Germany in September 1919.
Sources: INS file 54379/52.
William Butrimuk (a.k.a. Basil Warseleideuk; William Novick)
Born: Born 1894, Russia Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Occupation: Autoworker Migration: Immigrated to US 1913 Affiliation: Communist Party of America
Worked in the auto industry in Detroit and became a member of the Communist Party of America. Arrested during the second Palmer Raids in January 1920 and subsequently “voluntarily departed” to Russia via Canada on October 16, 1920.
Sources: FBI file BS 202600-1379-1.
Mikhail Demyanovich Butskevich (or Michael Deminavich Butzkevich)
Butskevich’s URW membership card. National Archives.
Born: Born 1893, Russia Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Occupation: Migration: Immigrated to US 1913 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers
Joined the Bridgeport, Connecticut branch of the Union of Russian Workers in 1919. He was arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919 and deported to Soviet Russia aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919.
Born: Born 1894, Fontán, A Coruña, Spain Nationality: Spanish Ethnicity: Galician Occupation: Laborer Migration: Immigrated to US 1911 Affiliation: IWW; anarchist
A former member of the IWW’s Marine Oilers, Firemen and Watertenders Union and an active participant in the Spanish anarchist group El Ariete in Niagara Falls, New York. In May 1919 he was arrested with two other members for allegedly conspiring to overthrow the United States government, based on a revolutionary manifesto they were distributing, but the case was dismissed by a judge. He was deported as an anarchist on August 8, 1920.
Reentered the United States on October 4, 1943 via Canada; attempted to gain US citizenship in 1949. June 1955 he returned to Spain, where he died in May 1970.
Sources: INS file 54709/16; FBI files OG 389193 and OG 8000-357909; familysearch.org; La Voz de Galicia, May 23, 1970 (with thanks to Eliseo Fernández Fernández).
Arthur Stanley Cattell (a.k.a. Arthur Kotel/Ketel)
Arthur Cattell’s Communist Party membership card. National Archives.
Born: Born 1886, London, England Nationality: British Ethnicity: English Occupation: Plumber Migration: Immigrated to US 1911 Affiliation: Communist Party of America
A former member of the Socialist Party of America who later served as a member and treasurer of the West Philadelphia branch of the Communist Party of America. He was deported from the United States on September 30, 1920.
Sources: INS file 54811/490; FBI file OG 380747.
Michele Centrone
Michele Centrone, c. 1930s. Archivio Centrale dello Stato, Italy.
Born: Born 1879, Puglia, Italy Nationality: Italian Ethnicity: Occupation: Carpenter Migration: Immigrated to US 1903 Affiliation: Anarchist
Joined the Socialist Party of Italy in 1897 and gravitated toward anarchism by 1900. After migrating to the United States, he collaborated on anarchist publications in San Francisco, where he belonged to the anarchist Gruppo Volontá, distributed Cronaca Sovversiva, and served as secretary of the Latin Branch of Local 95 of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners (AFL). Arrested in 1918, he was deported on March 27, 1920.
Following Mussolini’s rise to power, Centrone unsuccessfully attempted to reenter the United States under a false name in 1922 and was again deported. In 1924 fled Italy to France; arrested and expelled from France 1928. Then lived in Switzerland, Germany, Belgium, and Luxembourg, and illegally returned to France 1931. Remained active in antifascist exile networks, including the organization Giustizia e Libertà, and as a correspondent for US anarchist publications. In 1936 he volunteered to fight in the Spanish Civil War with the anarchist Ascaso Column and was killed in action on August 28, 1936.
Sources: INS file 54379/330; FBI file OG 321621; CPC busta 1243; Mario Gianfrate and Kenyon Zimmer, Michele Centrone, tra vecchio e nuovo mondo: Anarchici pugliesi in difesa della libertà spagnola.
Antonio Cesco (Chesco)
Antonio Cesco, c. 1920s. Archivio Centrale dello Stato, Italy.
Born: Born 1882, Bellano, Italy Nationality: Italian Ethnicity: Occupation: Miner Migration: Immigrated to US 1904 Affiliation: Anarchist
Not politically radical before emigrating but later became a Socialist Party member and then an individualist anarchist, distributing Cronaca Sovversiva while working as a coal miner in Pennsylvania and Ohio. He was a member of the United Mine Workers and was arrested in May 1918 in Yorkville, Ohio, while hospitalized with a mining injury. Deported on February 7, 1920.
arrested upon arrival in Italy but later amnestied. Subsequently emigrated to Germany and France, settling in Lyon, where he was known for his antifascist views but was not publicly politically active.
Sources: INS file 54379/401; CPC busta 1274.
Boris Cevetsky (or Sckiwitsky)
Born: Born 1885, Vilnius, Russia (present-day Lithuania) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Lithuanisn Occupation: Dishwasher Migration: Immigrated to US 1913 Affiliation: Communist Party of America
Joined Detroit’s Russian Branch No. 3 of the Socialist Party of America in early 1919, which subsequently transferred into the Communist Party of America. He was arrested in January 1920, held at Fort Wayne, and deported to Russia on March 18, 1921.
Sources: INS file 54859/985.
Yakov Cewook (or Gewook/Tsiwuh)
Born: Born 1886, Russia Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Occupation: Laborer Migration: Immigrated to US 1911 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers
His wife and two children remained in Russia. Joined the Union of Russian Workers in Youngstown, Ohio, in 1918. He was deported to Soviet Russia aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919.
Born: Born 1896, Samara, Russia Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Occupation: Machinist Migration: Immigrated to US 1913 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers; IWW
A member of both the Union of Russian Workers and the IWW, and lectured for the URW. Arrested in Waterbury, Connecticut, in March 1919, he was sentenced to six months’ imprisonment for violating the Espionage Act. After his release he continued radical propaganda activity and was deported aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919.
Sources: INS file 54616/117; FBI file OG 8000-363703; Lazar Lipotkin, The Russian Anarchist Movement in North America.
George Chernov (or Chernoff)
Born: Born 1893, Kherson, Russia (present-day Ukraine) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Ukrainian Occupation: Mechanic Migration: Immigrated to US 1913 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers
Joined Branch No. 2 of the Union of Russian Workers in Detroit in 1917 and worked at the Ford Motor Company. Arrested at his workplace in November 1919 and deported on January 22, 1921.
Sources: INS file 54709/285.
Ivan Chernyavsky (or John Cherniawsky)
Chernyavsky’s URW membership card (which he attempted to rip up during his arrest). National Archives.
Born: Born 1894, Vilnius, Russia (present-day Lithuania) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Lithuanian Occupation: Machinist Migration: Immigrated to US 1912 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers
A member of the Union of Russian Workers in Jackson, Michigan, and was arrested in Detroit in October 1918, during which he attempted to destroy his URW membership card. He was deported on January 22, 1921.
He may have been the anarchist Chernyavsky later arrested in Petrograd in 1923.
Sources: INS file 54709/465; FBI file OG 375427; Senya Fleshin Papers, International Institute of Social History.
Born: 1877, Sunderland, England Nationality: British Ethnicity: English Occupation: Sailor; baker Migration: Immigrated to US 1897 Affiliation: IWW
Joined the Industrial Workers of the World circa 1909 and became an IWW delegate, organizer, and secretary of its Seattle branch. Arrested “at least five or six times” in connection with IWW activities. As a sailor, traveled to India, China, Japan, Singapore, Samoa, and the Philippines. Arrested in Seattle in July 1918 and deported on June 21, 1919.
Emigrated to Canada, arriving in Quebec on July 5, 1920. Organized on behalf of the IWW’s Martine Transport Workers Industrial Union in Vancouver.
Sources: INS file 54379/503; Ancestry.com; Industrial Worker, November 28, 1923.
Wincenty Dmowski (a.k.a. Vincenty Druowski)
Born: 1885, Russian Poland Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Polish Occupation: Migration: Immigrated to US 1924 Affiliation: Communist Party of America
Arrested in Detroit during the January 1920 Palmer raids as a member of the Communist Party of America. Initially ordered deported to Poland, but later permitted “voluntary departure” to Soviet Russia. Departed October 16, 1920.
Sources: INS file 54709/836.
John W. Dobrinich
Born: 1889, Austria-Hungary (in present-day Croatia) Nationality: Austrian Ethnicity: Croatian Occupation: Coal miner Migration: Immigrated to US 1912 Affiliation: Communist Party of America
Married with four children remaining in Croatia. Joined the South Slavic Branch of the Socialist Party in Staunton, Illinois in 1916, later becoming secretary of the Benld, Illinois branch. Transferred into the Communist Party. Arrested in Missouri on April 1, 1920. Appealed his case multiple times before being deported to Croatia on April 4, 1925.
Sources: INS file 54861/376; American Labor Year Book, 1926.
Peter Dolgay (or Dolgag; Dowhay)
Born: 1880, Vilnius, Russia (present-day Lithuania) Nationality: Russia Ethnicity: Lithuanian Occupation: Metal worker Migration: Immigrated to US 1913 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers
Wife and three children remained in Russia. Member of the Union of Russian Workers in Youngstown, Ohio. Arrested in August 1919 and deported aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919.
Sources: INS file 54709/543.
Victor Dombrowski (a.k.a. Douglas Dombrowski; Dombrivski)
Victor Dombrowski’s Socialist Party membership card. National Archives.
Born: 1871, Telsha, Russia (present-day Lithuania) Nationality/Ethnicity: Russian Ethnicity: Lithuanian Occupation: Laborer Migration: Immigrated to US 1900 Affiliation: IWW; Communist Party of America
Not politically active in Russia. Arrested in Chicago around 1914 and imprisoned for three years for assault with intent to kill. After his release, joined the Socialist Party of America and the IWW (leaving the latter in 1918), then the Communist Party in 1919. Arrested during the second Palmer Raids in January 1920 and deported to Lithuania on May 14, 1920.
Sources: INS file 54809/19; FBI files OG 385518 and OG 388575.
Gerasim Dorosh (a.k.a. Harry Dorosh; Mike Dorash; Mike Smith)
Born: 1893, near Brest-Litovsk, Russia (present-day Belarus) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Belarusian Occupation: Machinist Migration: Immigrated to US 1913 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers
Wife and child remained in Russia. Joined the URW branch in Ansonia, Connecticut in March 1919 and became branch secretary. Arrested June 1919 and deported to Russia on January 22, 1921.
Sources: INS folder 54616/252.
Konstantin Demyanovich Draco
Born: 1888, Minsk, Russia (present-day Belarus) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Belarusian Occupation: Laborer Migration: Immigrated to US 1913 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers
Wife and son remained in Russia. Joined the New London, Connecticut URW branch in 1919. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919 and deported aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919.
Sources: INS file 54709/373; FBI file OG 388601.
Sidor Drankovich (a.k.a. Cedar Drankovich)
Born: 1880, Minsk, Russia (present-day Belarus) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Belarusian Occupation: Autoworker Migration: Immigrated to US 1913 Affiliation: Communist Party
Resided in Hamtramck, Michigan. Joined Detroit’s Russian Branch No. 3 of the Socialist Party in 1919, which later became a Communist Party branch. Arrested in January 1920 and detained at Fort Wayne. Deported March 18, 1921.
Sources: INS file 54589/983.
Dionisy Drichetz (a.k.a. Dennis Drichitz)
Born: Year unknown, Russia Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Occupation: Unknown Migration: Immigration to US year unknown Affiliation: Communist Party of America
Member of the Communist Party of America in Bayonne, New Jersey. Arrested during the second Palmer Raids in January 1920 and deported to Russia on December 23, 1920.
Sources: INS folder 54325/36G; The Morning Post (Camden, NJ), December 23, 1920.
Sergey Drigov (or Drigoff)
Born: 1883, Mogilev, Russia (present-day Belarus) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Belarusian Occupation: Laborer Migration: Migrated to Canada 1913; then to US 1914 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers; IWW
Wife and children remained in Russia. Joined the Seattle URW in April 1919, becoming financial secretary, and joined the IWW in December 1919. Arrested in Seattle in January 1920 and deported to Russia on February 1, 1921 aboard the SS Estonia.
Sources: INS file 54860/473; FBI file OG 388594.
Alexandr Dubarev (or Dubareff)
Born: Year unknown, Russia Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Occupation: Migration: Immigration to US year unknown Affiliation: Unknown
Name included on a government list of deported radicals; deported to Russia on January 27, 1921.
Sources: INS folder 54325/36G.
Ivan Dubov (a.k.a. John Duboff)
Ivan Dubov, 1919. The Globe (Worthington, MN), March 4, 1920.
Born: 1885, Fyodorovka, Russia Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Occupation: Laborer Migration: Immigrated to US 1912 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers
Active in Union of Russian Worker branches in McKees Rocks (Pennsylvania), New York, and Detroit. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919. Declared to authorities: “Of course, I am an anarchist… I do not acknowledge any government.” Deported aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919.
Sources: INS file 54709/97; FBI file OG 381656.
Peter Dubovik
Born: c. 1880, Zadworna, Russia (present-day Poland) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Polish Occupation: Laborer Migration: Immigrated to US 1912 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers
Member of the Union of Russian Workers in Seattle. Deported to Russia on January 22, 1921.
Sources: INS file 54860/462.
Ivan Dudinsky (a.k.a. John Dudinsky)
Dudinsky’s Communist Party membership card. National Archives.
Born: 1889, Minsk, Russia (present-day Belarus) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Belarusian Occupation: Migration: Immigrated to US year unknown Affiliation: Communist Party of America
A former member of the Russian branch of the Socialist Party of America who then joined the Communist Party of America. Arrested in Newark, New Jersey and detained for 101 days while suffering from tuberculosis. Refused to answer questions without legal counsel, which was not provided. Deported December 23, 1920.
Emigrated to from Russia to Canada in 1923 and settled in Quebec. In 1935 sought permission to reenter the US temporarily, which was denied.
Sources: INS file 54810/346; Investigation of Administration of Louis F. Post, Assistant Secretary of Labor: In the Matter of Deportation of Aliens, Hearings, Sixty-sixth Congress, Second Session; Constantine Maria Panunzio, The Deportation Cases of 1919-1920; Beverly Gage, The Day Wall Street Exploded: A Story of America in Its First Age of Terror.
Anton Dudka (a.k.a. Antonio or Tony Dudka)
Born: 1894, Podolsk, Russia Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Polish Occupation: Blacksmith; handyman Migration: Migrated to Canada 1914; then to US 1918 Affiliation: Communist Party of America
Chairman of Buffalo’s East Side Russian Branch of the Communist Party. Arrested January 7, 1920. Denied all allegations. Deported to Russia on February 26, 1921.
Sources: INS file 54809/443.
Serge Dukhane
Born: c. 1892, Chernigov, Russia (present-day Chernihiv, Ukraine) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Ukrainian Occupation: Tailor Migration: Immigrated to US 1913 Affiliation: Socialist Labor Party
Wife and child remained in Russia. Member of the Socialist Labor Party. Arrested in Pittsburgh in January 1920. Affirmed his belief in Communism and Bolshevism but denied membership in the Communist Party. Deported to Russia in February 1921.
Sources: INS file 54860/646.
Alex Dulchewski (or Dulchewsky; Dulchavsky)
Born: 1891, Grodno, Russia (present-day Belarus) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Belarusian Occupation: Laborer Migration: Immigrated to US 1909 Affiliation: Communist Party of America
Member of the Communist Party in Detroit. Arrested January 1920 and deported to Russia on March 18, 1921.
Sources: INS file 54860/808.
Michael Dunetz
Born: 1885, Vilensky, Russia (present-day Belarus) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Belarusian Occupation: Carpenter Migration: Immigrated to US 1912 Affiliation: Communist Party of America
Carpenter for the Ford Motor Company in Detroit, where he also belonged to Russian Branch No. 3 of the Communist Party. Arrested January 1920, detained at Fort Wayne, and deported to Russia on March 18, 1921.
Sources: INS file 54859/988.
Wladyslaw Dwanowsky (a.k.a. Walter Jazonski)
Born: c. 1884, Lublin, Russia (present-day Poland) Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Polish Occupation: Bricklayer Migration: Immigrated to US 1914 Affiliation: Communist Party of America
Previously arrested in Russia for taking an unauthorized furlough (presumably from the Russian army). Arrested in Hamtramck, Michigan in January 1920 due to his Communist Party membership; previously detained for distributing radical May Day flyers. Deported to Russia on March 18, 1921.
Sources: INS file 54859/610.
Paul Dyachuk (a.k.a. Pavel Deonesieff)
Born: c. 1882, Kiev, Russia Nationality: Russian Ethnicity: Ukrainian Occupation: Boilermaker Migration: Immigrated to US 1903 Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers
Joined the URW in Seattle in 1919. Also a member of the International Brotherhood of Boilermakers, Iron Ship Builders and Helpers of America. Arrested January 1920 and deported to Russia on February 1, 1921.
