Tag Archives: SP

Kirson to Konavalchuk

Red Scare Deportees, , , , , , , ,

Beril Kirson (a.k.a. Boris; Barnett)

Born: 1872, Mogilev, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Jewish
Occupation: Sailor; carpenter
Migration: Immigrated to US 1917
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers; Workers’ International Industrial Union

Migrated to England in 1914; then to Canada and back to England in 1916. Jumped ship in the United States in 1917. Joined the Union of Russian Workers in Buffalo in July 1919 and was also a member of the Workers’ International Industrial Union. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919 and deported to Russia aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919. At the time of his deportation, his wife and four children remained in Russia.

Sources: INS file 54709/144; FBI file OG 8000-378509.

Joseph Kish

Born: 1889, Aranyosgyéres, Hungary (present-day Câmpia Turzii, Romania)
Nationality: Hungarian
Ethnicity: Hungarian
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1911
Affiliation: Socialist Party of America; IWW

Joined the Hungarian Federation of the Socialist Party of America around 1912 and became a member of the IWW in 1919. Arrested in Cleveland during the May Day disturbances of 1919 and sentenced to thirty days in the workhouse for disturbing the peace. Arrested again in July 1919, he spent nearly nine months confined in the overcrowded and unsanitary Cuyahoga County Jail while awaiting deportation. Deported on March 21, 1920. At the time, his three children were living in Hungary with his mother.

Sources: INS file 54616/236.

Nikolai Kizer (a.k.a. Nick; Nicholas)

Born: 1896, Grodno, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1915
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Alleged to be the secretary of the Hartford, Connecticut branch of the Union of Russian Workers. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, along with his cousin Peter Kizer. Due to an administrative error, Peter was mistakenly sent to Ellis Island while Nikolai remained in the Hartford city jail, but the mistake was later corrected. Nikolai was deported to Russia on January 22, 1921.

Sources: INS files 54709/160 and 54709/265; Bruce B. Sherbert, “The Palmer Raids in Connecticut, 1919–1920,” Connecticut Review 5, no. 1 (1971).

Nikolai Klemiatov (or Nicholas Klemiatoff; Kleminatoff)

Nikolai Klemiatov, c. 1920. National Archives.

Born: 1891, Vilna, Russia (present-day Lithuania)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Not specified
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to the US 1912
Affiliation: Socialist Party of America; Communist Party of America

Joined the Socialist Party of America in Pittsburgh and transferred to the Communist Party of America in 1919. Arrested in October 1920 and deported to Russia on February 1, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54885/48.

Efim Kochovetz (a.k.a. M. Berisoff)

Born: 1888, Minsk, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Belarusian
Occupation: Laborer; organizer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1907
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the Union of Russian Workers in New York in 1914 and later became secretary of the New London, Connecticut branch, where he also taught arithmetic classes in its school. Arrested in Hartford during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919 and deported aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54709/161.

Efim Kolesnikov (a.k.a. John Kolesnikoff; Joachim)

Efim Kolesnikov (center, standing) with other URW members arrested in New York, November 7, 1919. National Archives.

Born: 1880, Kursk, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Ship reamer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1912
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

A widower, Kolesnikov joined the Union of Russian Workers in New York in 1919. He was arrested and beaten during the first Palmer Raids on November 7, 1919, during the raid on the Russian People’s House in New York. Deported aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54709/454.

Jim Komar (or Jonar)

Born: 1879, Chernihiv, Russia (present-day Ukraine)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Ukrainian
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the Union of Russian Workers in 1919. He was arrested in Youngstown, Ohio during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919 and deported aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919. His wife and two children remained in Russia.

Sources: INS file 54709/544; FBI file OG 378979.

Pavel Konavalchuk (a.k.a. Paul)

Born: 1894, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Machinist
Migration: Immigrated to US 1911
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

A member of the Union of Russian Workers in Newark until the organization was broken up in November 1919. Arrested in Newark on January 3, 1920, he openly identified as an anarchist but stated his opposition to violence. Despite having a wife and American-born child in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, he was deported to Russia on February 26, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54860/164.

Konikh to Korostyshevsky

Red Scare Deportees, , , , ,

Gerasim Konikh (a.k.a. John Konik)

Born: Grodnia, Russia (present-day Poland)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the Union of Russian Workers in Youngstown, Ohio in 1919. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919 and deported aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919.

After his return to Russia, he was sentenced around 1925 to five years in the Solovki prison camp as an anarchist. In 1930, reportedly “entirely in broken health,” he was sentenced to an additional three years of internal exile in Arkhangelsk.

Sources: INS file 54709/545; FBI file OG 378976; Bulletin of the Relief Fund of the International Working Men’s Association for Anarchists and Anarcho-Syndicalists Imprisoned or Exiled in Russia, November–December 1930.

Aleksandr Konon (or Kornen; Konol)

Born: 1894, Grodno, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Belarusian
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

A member of the Newark branch of the Union of Russian Workers. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919 and deported aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54709/352.

Pavel Konon (or Konen; a.k.a. Paul)

Born: Minsk, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Belarusian
Occupation: Miner
Migration: Immigrated to US 1914
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

A member of the Communist Party of America arrested in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, and deported to Russia on February 1, 1921. His wife and four children remained in Russia.

Sources: FBI file OG 389419.

John Konopatsky (a.k.a. Anton Konopatsky)

Born: 1895, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration: Immigrated to US 1914
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Initially a member of the Left Wing of the Socialist Party of America and later joined the Russian Branch of the Communist Party in Bayonne, New Jersey. Arrested in Newark during the second Palmer Raids in January 1920 and deported on January 22, 1921. Had a wife and three children in the United States.

Sources: INS file 54860/163; FBI file OG 384085.

Ignatz Konoval (or Ignance Konowal)

Born: 1894, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Polish
Occupation:
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

A member of the Polish Branch of the Communist Party of America in Elizabeth, New Jersey. Arrested during the second Palmer Raids in January 1920 and deported on December 23, 1920.

Sources: The Courier-News (Bridgewater, New Jersey), December 22, 1920.

Benjamin Kontrowitz (or Kontorovich; a.k.a. Berl Kanterowicz; B. Kanter)

Born: 1882, Ekaterinoslav, Russia (present-day Dnipro, Ukraine)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Jewish
Occupation: Silk weaver
Migration: Immigrated to US 1916
Affiliation: Communist Party of America; IWW

A former member of the Left Wing of the Socialist Party of America and joined the Russian Federation of the Communist Party of America in 1919. He served as recording secretary, an executive board member, and a lecturer for its Paterson, New Jersey branch, and was a delegate to the First Convention of the Jewish Communist Federation in October 1919. Also a member of the IWW’s Textile Workers’ Industrial Union. Arrested during the second Palmer Raids in January 1920, he was deported on November 23, 1920. He was married and had a son living in Paterson.

Sources: INS file 54810/67; FBI file OG 380782.

Vasily Mitin Konyakin (or Vasil Koniakin; a.k.a. Vasil Mitin)

Born: 1873, Saratov, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Rubber worker
Migration: Immigrated to US 1912
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the Union of Russian Workers in 1917 and became an officer in its Akron, Ohio branch. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919 and deported aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54709/227.

Feodor Korini (a.k.a. Frank; Korano; Karoni; Butzki)

Born: c. 1888, Chernihiv, Russia (present-day Ukraine)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Served as financial secretary of Russian Branch No. 2 of the Communist Party in Philadelphia under the pseudonym “Butzki.” Arrested in January 1920, he denied the identity, but multiple witnesses identified him as such. An immigration inspector characterized his testimony as “shifting, evasive, and evidently untruthful in material particulars.” He was deported to Russia on February 26, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54809/873.

Zys Korostyshevsky (or Zusil; a.k.a. Joe Kraus)

Born: 1897, Radomyshl, Russia (present-day Ukraine)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Jewish
Occupation: Garment worker
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Anarchist

Became a Tolstoyan anarchist in the US, embracing pacifism and agrarian ideals. Arrested in Chicago in June 1917, but the deportation warrant was canceled for lack of evidence. Arrested again in January 1919, he was ultimately deported on March 12, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54235/35.

Makliarchuk to Manninger

Red Scare Deportees, , , , ,

Lazar Makliarchuk (or Matliarchok)

Makliarchuk’s Communist Party membership card. National Archives.

Born: 1878, Kamianets-Podilskyi, Russia (present-day Ukraine)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Joined the Socialist Party of America and later the Communist Party of America in Philadelphia. Arrested January 7, 1920, he was deported to Russia February 1, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54811/943.

Ivan Malash (a.k.a. John Malash)

Born: 1891, Aleksandrovka, Minsk, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Mason; laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the Norwich, Connecticut branch of the URW in October 1919 and became its financial secretary. Arrested at his home in Yantic, Connecticut, February 1920, he was deported January 22, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54861/10; FBI file OG 353738.

Vasily Malevsky (a.k.a. Wassily Maliewsky)

Born: 1898, Khomsk, Grodno, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Machinist
Migration: Immigrated to US 1914
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the URW in Newark in April 1919, though evidence suggested he may have been a member as early as 1917. Arrested during a raid on URW headquarters in Akron, Ohio, during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54709/536.

Dan Malina

Born: 1894, Grodno region, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Metalworker
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Worked in New Castle and Elwood, Pennsylvania, and later in Akron for Firestone. Arrested November 1919 for belonging to the URW, he denied radicalism and was released for lack of evidence. Rearrested February 22, 1921, he admitted being an anarchist and was deported March 18, 1921.

Sources: INS file 55009/21; FBI file OG 8000-355192.

Karl Malmstrom

Born: 1897, Ystad, Sweden
Nationality: Swedish
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1915
Affiliation: IWW

Joined the IWW in Portland, Oregon, December 1916. Arrested February 1917 in San Francisco for distributing IWW literature and sentenced to sixty days, he was arrested again in Seattle in 1918 on the same charge and in Everett, Washington, March 1919, when he was held for deportation. Asked if he wished to become a US citizen, he replied, “Never…I am a citizen of the world,” and stated “that workers should be ready to take up arms for industrial freedom”For the workers to get industrial freedom, I would pick up arms at any time…Just like in Russia—do away with the parasites.” He was deported June 29, 1919 as “likely to become a public charge.”

Sources: INS file 54616/34.

Ustin Manko (a.k.a. Austin; Justyn)

Ustin Manko, c. 1935. Unidentified clipping, INS file 54861/146.

Born: 1894, Kherson, Russia (present-day Ukraine)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Ukrainian
Occupation: Machinist
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the URW in Bridgeport, Connecticut, May 1919. Arrested February 1920, he married Julia Chervenak while on bail from Ellis Island May 11, 1920. Deported January 22, 1921, accompanied by Julia.

In Ukraine they had a son. Suspected by Bolsheviks of being a spy, he migrated with his family in 1924 to Turkey, then France (where a daughter was born), and in 1927 to Mexico (where another son was born). Julia, a US citizen, returned to the United States in 1932 and brought their children in 1933, but Manko was forced to remain in Mexico City. His attempts to rejoin them failed after a US Public Health inspector deemed him “insane.” Letters to his family became increasingly paranoid and incoherent. He died in Mexico City in 1976. He is the subject (under the name “Austin Voronkov”) of the semi-fictional novel The Invention of Exile (2014) by his granddaughter, Vanessa Manko.

Sources: INS file 54861/146; FBI file OG 8000-382402; https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/what-happens-to-the-deported; Vanessa Manko, The Invention of Exile: A Novel; interview with Vanessa Manko, New York City, June 13, 2018.

Pavel Manko

Born: Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration:
Affiliation:

Deported to Russia as a radical on January 22, 1921. No further information has been found.

Sources: INS file 54325/36G.

Julius Manninger (a.k.a. Julius Pichler; Julian)

Born: 1896, Ponitz, Austria-Hungary (present-day Hungary)
Nationality: Austrian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1909
Affiliation: Socialist Party of America

Joined the Socialist Party and attended a single meeting of the Communist Party of America. Arrested January 1920 in Fort Wayne, Indiana, he was deported to Austria June 22, 1920 as an alleged Communist Party member.

In February 1921 Assistant Secretary of Labor Louis F. Post concluded that the deportation had been carried out in error due to a misunderstanding of the facts. Manninger returned to the United States in December 1921 under his family name, Pichler, and declared his intention to become a US citizen.

Sources: INS file 54859/122; Hancock Democrat (Greenfield IN), January 26, 1922; Garrett Clipper (Garrett IN), January 30, 1922.

Nabagez to Newlander

Red Scare Deportees, , , , , , , ,

Ivan Nabagez (a.k.a. John; Nabajix; Nabagiz)

Ivan Nabagez, c. 1919. National Archives.

Born: 1894, Minsk, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Migrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the URW in Hartford, Connecticut, in August 1919. Arrested in the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Source: INS file 54709/397

Alexander Nagula

Born: Russia, year unknown
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration:
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Belonged to Russian Branch No. 3 of the Communist Party in Detroit. Arrested during the second Palmer Raids in January 1920, he accepted “voluntary departure” to Russia via Canada on October 16, 1920. No further information has been located.

Source: FBI file BS 202600-1377-1.

Semeon Nakhwat (a.k.a. Samuel Mackway)

Born: 1886, Grodno, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Factory worker
Migration: Migrated to US 1914
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the URW branch in Ansonia, Connecticut, in October 1919. Arrested November 1919, he was deported to Russia January 22, 1921.

Source: INS file 54709/383.

Pasquale Nardini (a.k.a. Bruno Nardini)

Pasquale Nardini with wife Maria, c. 1917. Social War Bulletin, April 1918.

Born: 1882, Fano, Italy
Nationality: Italian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: millworker
Migration: Migrated to US 1910
Affiliation: Anarchist

Migrated to the U.S. in 1910 with his wife Maria (née Frattesi) and their five-year-old son. Both and Maria joned the anarchist Circolo Studi Sociali of Milwaukee. Both arrested in 1917 after an Italian anarchist riot and convicted of “assault with intent to kill and murder,” but their convictions were overturned. Immediately afterward they were detained for deportation. Pasquale was deported July 15, 1920; Maria’s deportation warrant was canceled June 8, 1920.

In 1921 he emigrated from Italy to Canada, where Maria and their child joined him. Maria and their son returned to the US in 1925, and Pasquale followed illegally soon after, now going by the name Bruno Nardini. From their New Haven home he donated funds to New York’s anarchist paper L’Adunata dei Refrattari from 1925 to at least 1937. By 1941 the family was living in Harlem operating a grocery store. Maria became a US citizen in 1945. Pasquale died in 1951.

Sources: INS file 54235/72 (missing); CPC busta 3494; Robert Tanzilo, The Milwaukee Police Station Bomb of 1917; Dean A. Strang, Worse than the Devil: Anarchists, Clarence Darrow, and Justice in a Time of Terror; L’Adunata dei Refrattari.

Anani Nazarchuk (a.k.a. Anni; Andrew; Nazarczuk)

Born: 1892, Volhynia, Russia (present-day Ukraine or Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Migrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Socialist Party of America; Union of Russian Workers

Belonged to the Socialist Party in Bristol, Connecticut, and was also accused—on flimsy evidence—of URW membership. Arrested June 1918 for distributing radical literature and again in November 1919 during the first Palmer Raids, he was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54709/164; FBI file OG 8000-373183.

Andrei Nazaruk (a.k.a. Andrew; Mazaruk; Prisoophick)

Born: 1894, Zabawa, Russia (present-day Poland)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Belarussian
Occupation: Steelworker
Migration: Migrated to US 1914
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Arrested in Newark on December 3, 1919, during the Palmer Raids, accused–based upon flimsy evidence–of belonging to the Union of Russian Workers. He was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Source: INS file 54709/627.

Gavril Nechiporenko (a.k.a. Gabriel)

Born: 1889, Kyiv, Russia (present-day Ukraine)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Migrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

His wiefe remained in Russia when he emigrated. Worked in a foundry at the Ford Motor Company and joined Russian Branch No. 3 of the Communist Party of America in Detroit. Arrested January 1920 and held at Fort Wayne, he was deported to Russia February 26, 1921.

Source: INS file 55110/4.

Mayer Libson Nehring (a.k.a. Myer; Meier; Nearing)

Born: 1892, Warsaw, Russia (present-day Poland)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Jewish
Occupation: Hatmaker; chiropractor; pharmacist
Migration: Migrated to US 1914
Affiliation: Anarchist; IWW

Anarchist and IWW organizer in Cleveland. In February 1919 he was convicted under the Espionage Act for an antiwar speech and sentenced to nineteen years. At his sentencing the judge declared: “I presume that the Russian Bolshevists would welcome you, and Lenine and Trotzky would be glad to see you back in the event that the government should deport you…in the event that the Government does not send you back to Russia I am going to protect America from your activities by sending you the Atlanta penitentiary for 19 years at hard labor.” His sentence was later commuted on condition of deportation, and he was deported February 26, 1921.

Refused entry at Libau because of anarchism, he coauthored An Open Letter to the Russian Premier Lenin and returned to the U.S., where he apparently ceased radical activity. He received an unconditional presidential pardon in September 1930. In 1935 he applied for US citizenship and was denied, but the decision was reversed on appeal.

Sources: INS file 121/2; Pittsburgh Daily Post, February 23, 1919; Freedom (London), May 1921; Free Society (New York), October–November 1921; Ancenstry.com.

Pavel Nestoruk (a.k.a. Paul Nestoruck; Piole Nestium; Prole Nestruk; Nestrum)

Born: 1888, Brest-Litovsk, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Migrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Migrated to the U.S. in 1913 via Canada, while his wife and children remained in Russia. Joined the URW in Bridgeport, Connecticut, in 1919. Arrested in the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Source: INS file 54709/395.

Ivan Nevar (a.k.a. John Newar)

Born: 1885, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Migrated to US 1912
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the URW in Newark in September 1919. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54709/338; FBI file OG 381446.

Carl William Newlander (a.k.a. Karl Wilhelm Nylander)

Born: 1890, Boo, Sweden
Nationality: Swedish
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Migrated to US 1906
Affiliation: Anarchist

Migrated to the U.S. in 1906 to evade military service, he lived in Chicago, San Francisco, and New York. Became an active anarchist and close friend of Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman, collaborating on Mother Earth, The Blast, and the Mother Earth Bulletin, and he ran the Mother Earth Book Shop in New York. Arrested June 29, 1918, for draft evasion and sentenced in January 1919 to 60 days under the Selective Service Act, he was detained upon release and deported April 24, 1919.

In Sweden he settled in Hjortkvarn but was blacklisted in 1920 after a dispute with an employer. He visited Goldman and Berkman in Stockholm in early 1921 and corresponded extensively with Goldman. In 1922 he migrated to Canada with his companion and child. After Goldman moved there in 1927, he reunited with and assisted her, later serving as secretary of Toronto’s Libertarian Group.

Source: INS file 54517/1; Harry Weinberger Papers, Yale University; Freedom (New York), April–May 1919; Emma Goldman Papers, International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam; Paul Avrich and Karen Avrich, Sasha and Emma: The Anarchist Odyssey of Alexander Berkman and Emma Goldman.

Orlov to Papadogiannis

Red Scare Deportees, , , , , , , ,

Mikhail Orlov (a.k.a. Mike Orloff)

Born: 1889, Mogilev, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Miner
Migration: Immigrated to US 1909
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the Union of Russian Workers in Homestead, Pennsylvania in 1915. Authorities suspected he was “one of the moving spirits” of a URW branch believed to exist in the Bertha mines in Morgantown, West Virginia. He was also a member of the United Mine Workers. Received anarchist and IWW literature from Max Maisel’s anarchist bookstore in New York. Arrested December 1, 1919 during the miners’ strike and deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54709/608.

Samuel Orlov (a.k.a. Sam Orloff)

Born: 1889, Mogliev, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Miner
Migration: Immigrated to US 1912
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the Union of Russian Workers in Monessen, Pennsylvania circa 1915. Also a member of the United Mine Workers. Arrested December 1, 1919 during the miners’ strike and deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54709/609; FBI file OG 8000-248688.

Albert Osborn

Born: 1898, Førde, Norway
Nationality: Norwegian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Sailor; laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1909
Affiliation: IWW

Migrated to the United States with his stepmother in 1909 to rejoin his father. Joined the IWW in Devil’s Lake, North Dakota in 1915, though he later claimed he joined only under pressure from other members. Arrested in Everett, Washington in 1917 for failing to register for the draft and served thirteen days in jail. Arrested again May 23, 1918 in Seattle as an IWW member. Diagnosed on June 6, 1918 as “insane” due to “dementia praecox” attributed to a childhood head injury. Deported September 20, 1919 as “likely to become a public charge,” for entering without inspection (upon his return from a sailing voyage in 1915), and for alleged insanity. According to Commissioner General of Immigration A. Caminetti, “the charge against him does not arise, even remotely, from his connection with the I.W.W.”

Sources: INS file 54414/81.

Anton Ostopchuk

Born: c. 1886, Russia (in present-day Ukraine)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Metalworker
Migration: Immigrated to US 1912
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

His wife and two children remained in Russia. Joined Detroit’s Russian Branch No. 3 of the Communist Party. Arrested January 1920 and deported to Russia March 18, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54859/719.

Nikolai Ostreiko

Born: 1877, Lida, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration: Immigrated to US 1910
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

A member of the Russian Branch of the Socialist Party of America in Flint, Michigan, later transferring to the Communist Party of America. Arrested January 1920 and deported to Russia March 18, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54860/739.

Osip Otroschyk (or Otrozttzek; a.k.a. Joe Trocki)

Born: 1880, Vilnius, Russia (present-day Lithuania)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Polish
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

His wife remained in Russia when he emigrated. Employed at Fisher Body Company in Detroit and a member of Russian Branch No. 3 of the Communist Party. Arrested January 1920 and held at Fort Wayne. “Voluntarily departed” to Russia via Canada January 24, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54859/989.

Yakov Ozols (a.k.a. Jacob; Ozal)

Born: c. 1887, Riga, Russia (present-day Latvia)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Sailor; laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1917
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Joined the Socialist Party and later the Russian Branch of the Communist Party of America in Philadelphia. Arrested January 7, 1920 and deported February 1, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54811/944; FBI file OG 8000-276616.

Peter Paich (or Paick)

Born: 1897, Požega, Austria-Hungary (present-day Croatia)
Nationality: Hungarian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Socialist Party of America; Workers’ International Industrial Union

Joined the Socialist Party in Detroit in 1915 and the Workers’ International Industrial Union in Lorain, Ohio in 1918. Arrested August 1917 for distributing socialist literature and jailed four days. Arrested again April 1918 for distributing socialist and anti-conscription literature, then interned at Fort Oglethorpe as an “alien enemy.” Detained for deportation upon release in September 1919 and deported May 8, 1920 on the charge of being “likely to become a public charge,” as Socialist Party membership did not meet the legal definition of anarchism.

Sources: INS file 54379/474; FBI file OG 8000-203962.

Alexandr Palukevich (or Palukovich; Pavlukoich)

Born: Russia, year unknown
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration:
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Member of the Communist Party in Bayonne, New Jersey. Deported to Russia December 23, 1920. No further information has been found.

Sources: INS file 54325/36G.

Pavel Panasuk (a.k.a. Paul; Panosik)

Born: Russia, year unknown
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration:
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Member of the Communist Party in Chicago. Arrested during the second Palmer Raids January 2, 1920. “Voluntarily departed” to Russia October 10, 1920.

Sources: FBI file BS 202600-149-1.

Joseph T. Pandack

Born:
Nationality: Yugoslavian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration:
Affiliation:

Deported to Yugoslavia as a radical on August 1, 1920. No further information found.

Sources: INS file 54325/36G.

Dimitri Panko

Born: 1890, Minsk, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Mechanic
Migration: Immigrated to US 1914
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined Branch No. 2 of the Union of Russian Workers in Newark, for which he distributed literature. Deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Later employed in Moscow at the Russian-American Tool Plant, where he helped form a factory committee and appears to have joined the Communist Party of Russia.

Sources: INS file 54709/112; B. Ratner, Istoriia Moskovskogo instrumental’nogo zavoda.

Pavel Pankov (a.k.a. Pual Panko; Pankoff)

Born: 1886, Mogliev, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Moulder; bartender
Migration: Immigrated to US 1907
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Joined the Socialist Party in 1914, then Detroit’s Russian Branch of the Communist Party in 1919. Worked as a bartender at Detroit’s House of the Masses. Arrested January 1920 and deported to Russia February 26, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54859/634.

Kostas Papadogiannis

Born: 1885, Greece
Nationality: Greek
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Printer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1908
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Secretary of New York’s Greek Socialist Union and printer of its newspaper Phone tou Ergatou (Voice of the Worker), founded 1918. Later became a member of the Communist Party of America. Deported to Greece in early 1921.

In Athens he wrote for the Greek Socialist Workers’ Party newspaper and established a leftist publishing house that printed Communist literature and distributed Greek-language Marxist texts from the United States, including the first Greek translation of Lenin’s The State and Revolution. After 1924, however, he left the party and published dissident radical literature, such as Trotsky’s biography of Lenin.

Sources: Kostis Karpozilos, Red America: Greek Communists in the United States, 1920–1950; additional information supplied by Kostis Karpozilos.

Paredes García to Penske

Red Scare Deportees, , , , , , , ,

Eduardo Paredes García

Born: 1895, A Coruña, Spain
Nationality: Spanish
Ethnicity: Galician
Occupation: Sailor; bookkeeper
Migration: Immigrated to US 1916
Affiliation: IWW; anarchist

Emigrated Cuba and then, in 1916, to the United States. An anarchist, he joined the Industrial Workers of the World’s Marine Transport Workers in 1917 and edited the IWW newspaper Defensa Obrera. During the federal IWW trial, he served as an assistant to the IWW’s attorney, George Vanderveer. He was also a member of Philadelphia’s anarchist Pro-Prensa group. Arrested in Philadelphia, he was deported to Spain on December 20, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54648/28; Peter Cole, Wobblies on the Waterfront: Interracial Unionism in Progressive-Era Philadelphia.

Luigi Parenti

Luigi Parenti in 1918. National Archives.
Luigi Parenti in 1922. Archivio dello Stato, Italy.

Born: 1887, Calcinaia, Italy
Nationality: Italian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer; union organizer; journalist
Migration: Immigrated to US 1910
Affiliation: IWW; anarchist

Initially a Christian democrat and completed two years of seminary study in Lucca before abandoning religious training, marrying, and assisting an Italian streetcar drivers’ strike.

He emigrated to the United States with his wife Maria in 1910 and soon became an anarchist, joining the Industrial Workers of the World in San Francisco in 1911. He became a lecturer and organizer for the IWW and was arrested several times for leading strikes and demonstrations. Italian consular authorities described him as “one of the most dangerous propagandists in the anarchist movement across the United States,” calling him “taciturn in character, educated, intelligent, [and] cultured.” A defendant in the mass IWW trial of 1917–1918, he was sentenced to five years’ imprisonment and a $30,000 fine. From September 1917 to June 1919 he was denied permission to communicate with his wife and three daughters, one of whom was born while he was incarcerated. Released on bail pending appeal, he worked as an organizer for an independent Italian fishermen’s union in San Francisco and later as a correspondent for La Voce del Popolo. After losing his appeal in May 1921, he reentered prison, but in 1922 his sentence was commuted on condition of deportation. He “voluntarily departed” with his family on October 26, 1922.

Back in Italy, he settled in Lucca, joined the syndicalist Unione Sindacale Italiana, and attended its illegal 1926 convention. He later withdrew from overt radical activity and worked for a Fascist state-created union and as a reporter. Official reports alternately described him as obedient to Fascist directives (1929), secretly receiving radical publications from the United States (1930), and again demonstrating “good moral and political conduct” aligned with the regime (1932). The true nature of his political beliefs in these years is unclear. Died in 1961.

Sources: INS file 54235/61; CPC busta 3732; Industrial Workers of the World Collection, Walter P. Reuther Library; Kenyon Zimmer, Immigrants Against the State: Yiddish and Italian Anarchism in America.

Feodor Pasiuk (a.k.a. Theodor, Paschuk)

Born: c. 1880, Grodno, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

His wife and child remained in Russia when he emigrated. Became a member of Detroit’s Russian Branch No. 3 of the Communist Party of America. Arrested January 4, 1920, he was deported to Russia on March 18, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54859/967.

Lev Paskevich (a.k.a. Levi Paskevick; Paskovich)

Born: c. 1889, Grodno, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Ship rigger
Migration: Migrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Joined the Socialist Party of America and later Philadelphia’s First Branch of the Communist Party of America. Arrested January 7, 1920, he was deported to Russia on February 1, 1921 aboard the SS Estonia.

Sources: INS file 54859/134; Philadelphia Enquirer, February 1, 1921.

John Paskvalick (or Pashvalisk)

Born: Austria-Hungary, year unknown
Nationality: Austrian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration: M
Affiliation:

Deported to Austria as a radical on June 19, 1920. No further information has been found.

Sources: INS file 54325/36G.

George Pasukow

Born: Russia, year unknown
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration: M
Affiliation:

Deported to Russia as a radical on October 17, 1920. No further information has been found.

Sources: INS file 54325/36G.

Peter Pavlas (a.k.a. Pete Pawlas)

Born: 1885, Warsaw, Russia (present-day Poland)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Czech
Occupation: Machinist; laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1917
Affiliation: Socialist Party of America

The child of Czech (“Bohemian”) immigrants in Russia, he returned with his parents to Bohemia in 1894. In he 1909 migrated to Argentina; then to Mexico in 1915.

Entered the United States in 1917 without inspection as a contract laborer to work in a sugar factory near San Francisco. An immigration agent described him as “a peculiar character, being somewhat of a ‘globe trotter’, and a student of Esperanto…He is believed to be more intelligent than he would represent.” Arrested in Cleveland on January 31, 1919 while distributing Socialist Party literature and was reportedly in poor health while detained at Ellis Island. Because Socialist Party membership was not a deportable offense, authorities acknowledged they could not substantiate anarchism charges, but he was nevertheless deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919 on the grounds that he had entered the country without inspection and was “likely to become a public charge.”

Sources: INS file 54616/16.

Artemy Pavluk (or Pauluk; Paulik)

Born: 1885, Kamianets-Podilskyi, Russia (present-day Ukraine)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Miner
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

He served four years in the Russian Army before emigrating.

Drafted into the U.S. Army, he served six months at Camp Lee and Camp Shelby before being discharged. Became secretary of the Union of Russian Workers branch at the Dakota Mine in Fairmont, West Virginia. Arrested December 2, 1919, he was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54709/605.

Josef Penske (a.k.a. Joseph Penski)

Born: 1886, Grodno, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Polish
Occupation: Autoworker
Migration: Immigrated to US 1912
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Worked as an autoworker while living in Hamtramck, Michigan. He joined the Socialist Party of America in 1914 and later the Communist Party. Arrested in January 1920, he “voluntarily departed” to Russia on October 16, 1920.

Sources: INS file 54859/541.

Roberts to Roy

Red Scare Deportees, , , , , , , , , ,

Vasily Roberts (a.k.a. Wasily Robetz)

Roberts’ Communist Party membership card. National Archives.

Born: c. 1882, Grodno, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration: Immigrated to Canada 1915; then to US 1917
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

A member of the Socialist Party of America before joining Philadelphia’s First Russian Branch of the Communist Party. He was arrested January 7, 1920, and deported to Russia February 1, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54811/947; FBI file OG 382735.

Jack Robey

Born:
Nationality:
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration:
Affiliation: IWW

An IWW member arrested in Sand Point, Idaho, in 1918. He was released, then rearrested and deported to an unknown country October 28, 1919. No further information has been located.

Sources: One Big Union Monthly, March 1920.

Alfred Robinson

Born: 1893, Chislehurst, England
Nationality: British
Ethnicity: English
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1905
Affiliation: IWW

Worked throughout the United States and Canada. In July 1919 he joined the IWW’s Metal and Machinery Workers’ Industrial Union No. 300. Arrested in Detroit during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he was deported March 27, 1920.

Sources: INS file 54709/578; FBI file OG 8000-385119.

Abraham Rodríguez (a.k.a. Abram Rodríguez)

Abraham Rodríguez, by Ralph Chaplin. Joseph A. Labadie Collection, University of Michigan.

Born: Mexico
Nationality: Mexican
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Miner; labor organizer; poet
Migration: Immigrated to US 1911
Affiliation: Partido Liberal Mexicano; IWW

In 1911 he formed a PLM group in Del Valle, Texas, and reportedly “a colonel in the rebel army that overthrew the dictatorship in Mexico.” After returning to mining work in Arizona, he belonged to IWW Local 800 and chaired its grievance committee. Indicted in the federal IWW trial of 1917, he was arrested in New Mexico after an armed standoff with authorities. Charges were dropped in exchange for deportation to Mexico.

In Cananea, he continued organizing on behalf of the IWW.

Sources: FBI file Misc 18346.

Juan Rodríguez

Born: 1885, Asturias, Spain
Nationality: Spanish
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Cook; laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1916
Affiliation: IWW

His father died in Spain before he was born.

In 1916 he jumped ship in the United States and was arrested in Philadelphia in February 1919 as a suspected radical, though authorities could not prove it. (However, his is listed as an IWW member in IWW publications.) A deportation warrant was instead issued based on illiteracy, illegal entry, and likelihood of becoming a public charge. He requested voluntary departure to Cuba, which was granted, and departed August 22, 1919, aboard the SS Moro Castle.

Sources: INS file 54648/27.

Konstantin Romanchuk

Born: 1895, Minsk, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immgrated to US 1915
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the Union of Russian Workers branch in Bridgeport, Connecticut, around July 1919 and became its secretary. He was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54709/396; FBI file OG 376791.

Gavril Romanovich (a.k.a. Gabriel; G.R.D.)

Romanovich’s Communist Party membership card. National Archives.

Born: 1896, Kozhevniki, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: immigrated to US 1915
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Joined the Russian Federation of the Socialist Party of America, then in 1919 transferred to the Russian Branch of the Communist Party of America, becoming secretary of its Waterbury, Connecticut branch. Arrested during a raid on headquarters in March 1920, he was deported to Russia February 1, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54709/462; FBI file OG 379909.

Jesus Romo

Los Angeles Times, June 11, 1919.

Born: c. 1884, Mexico
Nationality: Mexican
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1916
Affiliation: IWW; anarchist

Joined the IWW in Los Angeles in February 1919 and quickly became a delegate for its General Recruiting Union; he was probably previously a member in Morenci, Arizona, where his father and brothers were also activists. Arrested June 9, 1919 for distributing literature outside an employment agency, he declared he “was born an anarchist.” Deported August 18, 1919.

Continued organizing for the IWW in Guadalajara, Mexico.

Sources: INS file 54616/232; FBI file OG 363737.

Angel Roncal

Born: 1896, Spain
Nationality: Spanish
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Sailor
Migration: Immigrated to US 1916
Affiliation: IWW

He reportedly spent time in South America before immigrating to the U.S. in 1916.

A member of the Niagara Falls IWW branch, he was arrested in September 1918 for failing to register for the draft, with IWW literature found in his possession. After five months in jail without trial he was released in February 1919 but immediately detained for deportation. He was deported to Spain around July 1, 1920.

Sources: Buffalo Commercial, February 1 and 3, 1919; Buffalo Times, February 20, 1919; Cattaraucus Republican, March 27, 1919; Buffalo Express, April 30, 1919; Illustrated Buffalo Express, June 22, 1919.

Maxim Rosak (a.k.a. Max; Roosak)

Maxim Rosak’s Communist Party membership card. National Archives.

Born: c.1887, Grodno, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Driller
Migration: Immigrated to US 1912
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Formerly a member of the Russian Federation of the Socialist Party in Philadelphia, he transferred into the Communist Party of America in 1919. Arrested January 7, 1920, he was deported to Russia February 1, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54811/948; FBI file OG 379897.

Savely Roshkov (a.k.a. Charles Roshko)

Savely Roshkov holding a copy of the URW newspaper Khleb i Volia. National Archives.

Born: 1893, Minsk, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Machinist
Migration: Immigrated to US 1912
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Employed by Singer Manufacturing Company in Bridgeport, Connecticut, he belonged to the International Association of Machinists’ Local No. 30 and took part in a 1919 wildcat strike. He was also a member of the Union of Russian Workers branch there. Arrested February 12, 1920, he was deported to Russia January 22, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54861/143; FBI file OG 382709.

Mikail Rosnak (a.k.a.Michael Rosnack; Bosnack)

Born: 1897, Bukovina, Austria-Hungary (present-day Romania)
Nationality: Romanian
Ethnicity: Ukrainian
Occupation: Blacksmith’s helper
Migration: Immigrated to Canada 1913; then to US 1917
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Expelled from Canada during World War I as an “enemy alien,” he moved to the United States and in 1919 joined URW Branch No. 6 in Detroit. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he testified that the detective who arrested him called him “worse than a nigger,” and gave him “a smash in the face.” He was deported to Romania March 17, 1920.

Sources: INS file 54739/469.

Janet Johnstone Roy (Janet Johnstone MacKay)

Seattle Union Record, February 14, 1919.

Born: 1895, Milmathort, Scotland
Nationality: British
Ethnicity: Scottish
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1916
Affiliation: Socialist Party of America; IWW

Supported the Independent Labour Party before emigrating.

In Lawrence, Massachusetts, she joined the Socialist Party and the IWW’s Textile Workers Industrial Union No. 1000. After moving to Chicago and then Seattle, she was arrested with her sister in a police raid on an IWW hall in October 1918. She married Ian V. MacKay, a naturalized U.S. citizen, in January 1919. Deported July 23, 1919.

She later reunited with her husband in British Columbia, where she died in 1972.

Sources: INS files 54379/532 and 54379/532A; Frances H. Early, A World Without War: How U.S. Feminists and Pacifists Resisted World War I; Heather Mayer, Beyond the Rebel Girl: Women and the Industrial Workers of the World in the Pacific Northwest, 1905-1924; Ancestry.com.

Margaret Roy (Margaret Ray)

Born: 1893, Milmathort, Scotland
Nationality: British
Ethnicity: Scottish
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1916
Affiliation: Socialist Party of America; IWW

Emigrated to Canada in 1913, then returned to Scotland in 1916 to retrieve her sister Janet.

In Lawrence, Massachusetts, she and Janet joined the Socialist Party and the IWW’s Textile Workers Industrial Union No. 1000. After moving to Chicago and then Seattle, she was arrested with her sister during a raid on an IWW hall in October 1918. She married U.S. citizen Alonzo Ray in January 1919, but was deported July 23, 1919.

Sources: INS files 54379/532 and 54379/532A; Frances H. Early, A World Without War: How U.S. Feminists and Pacifists Resisted World War I; Heather Mayer, Beyond the Rebel Girl: Women and the Industrial Workers of the World in the Pacific Northwest, 1905-1924.

Sanchini to Sarvas

Red Scare Deportees, , , , ,

Giobbe Sanchini

Giobbe Sanchini. Archivio Centrale dello Stato, Italy.

Born: 1887, Sant’Angelo in Lizzola, Italy
Nationality: Italian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Mason
Migration: Immigrated to US 1911
Affiliation: Anarchist

Became an anarchist in his youth and migrated to Switzerland in 1902, returning to Italy in 1906.

In 1911 he emigrated to New Britain, Connecticut, where he joined the circle around Galleani and distributed the paper Cronaca Sovversiva. In 1913 he married fellow anarchist Irma Cassolino. First arrested on September 8, 1917, after organizing a defense fund for Galleani; although that warrant was canceled, he was rearrested May 16, 1918. When asked why he should not be deported, he responded: “My reasons are as follows: That every person has the right to live wherever he desires without being molested in a state that is called [a] democracy and, when a state ceases to be democratic it then embodies the term ‘tyranny’ and in that case we no longer enjoy liberty.” Deported June 24, 1919, together with his pregnant wife and their American-born children.

Upon return to Italy he was immediately imprisoned for evading military service, though the charges were dropped in 1922. He joined an anarchist group in Pesaro and published the anarchist newspaper La Frusta there and later in Fano, from 1919 to 1922. After Irma died in childbirth in 1925, he sent their children back to the United States in 1926 but was never able to reunite with them. He remained under police surveillance until 1942. During the 1930s he reportedly worked as a pasta-factory supervisor, bricklayer, and public-works supervisor, and he remarried in 1933. Fascist authorities reported no subversive activity on his part and even claimed he showed “a favorable attitude towards the regime,” though other reports and family testimony stated that he always remained committed to anarchism. After the fall of Fascism he attempted to revive La Frusta in 1946 and he stayed in contact with Italian anarchists in America until his death in Pesaro in December 1951.

Sources: INS file 54235/52; CPC busta 4562; Maurizio Antonioli et al., Dizionario biografico degli anarchici italiani; Paul Avrich, Sacco and Vanzetti: The Anarchist Background; Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America; Richard Lenzi, Facing Toward the Dawn: The Italian Anarchists of New London; La Frusta; Edoardo Puglielli, Il movimento anarchico abruzzese 1907–1957; Il Fondo L’Adunata Collection, Boston Public Library; Ugo Fedeli Papers, International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam.

Irma Sanchini (née Cassolino)

https://www.estelnegre.org/documents/sanchini/sanchini.html

Born: 1895, Tonco, Piedmont, Italy
Nationality: Italian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Housewife
Migration: Immigrated to US 1907
Affiliation: Anarchist

Migrated to the United States with her father and settled in New Britain, Connecticut, where she became associated with Luigi Galleani’s anarchist circle and distributed Cronaca Sovversiva. Married Giobbe Sanchini in 1913. Arrested September 8, 1917 for helping to organize a defense fund for Galleani, she was released when the warrant was canceled but rearrested May 16, 1918. Some newspapers dubbed her the “Queen of the Anarchists,” and the district attorney hyperbolically claimed she “accomplished untold mischief in the period that she has resided in Connecticut. She is highly intelligent, very resourceful, and is considered to be much more dangerous than her husband.” Asked by an immigration agent what she thought an anarchist was, she replied, “a good man.” Deported June 24, 1919 with her husband and children.

Reportedly suffering from tuberculosis at the time of her deportation, she died in childbirth in 1925.

Sources: INS file 54235/52; Boston Globe, June 20, 1919; Paul Avrich, Sacco and Vanzetti: The Anarchist Background; Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America; Richard Lenzi, Facing Toward the Dawn: The Italian Anarchists of New London.

Ivan Sanko (a.k.a. Iwan; Evan; Sinko; Sankio)

Born: 1896, Minsk region, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1912
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

In January 1918 he joined the Youngstown, Ohio branch of the Union of Russian Workers, soon becoming its secretary. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he explained to authorities, “I read a great many Anarchistic books which put me in the notion of joining this Union,” and he did “not care for the Bolsheviks.” He was deported aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54709/184.

Plácido Santamaría

Members of Spanish-speaking Los Corsarios Group, including Plácido Santamaría, 1919. National Archives.

Born: 1890, Burgos, Spain
Nationality: Spanish
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Gunsmith; laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1916
Affiliation: Anarchist

A foundling raised in an orphanage, he helped found Los Desamparados, a youth anarchist group in Eibar, Spain, in 1912. Emigrating to Scotland and Wales in 1914.

After immigrating to the U.S. 1916 he joined the anarchist Los Corsarios Group in New York. In February 1919 he was among fourteen members arrested by the United States Secret Service on baseless allegations of plotting to assassinate Woodrow Wilson. Although all charges were dropped, he was one of several members held for deportation as anarchists and he was deported to England (his port of departure to the U.S.) on July 5, 1919.

In 1931 he donated money to the Mexican anarchist paper ¡Paso! published by Librado Rivera.

Sources: INS file 54616/79; Tierra y Libertad (Barcelona), December 11, 1912; ¡Paso! (Mexico City), July 1, 1931.

Turibbio Santarelli (a.k.a. Giuseppe or Joseph Santarelli; Joseph Galligari)

Born: 1899, Fano, Italy
Nationality: Italian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Mechanic; laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1911
Affiliation: Socialist Party of America

Immigrated to the United States with his parents and joined the Socialist Party of America in Buffalo in 1916. That same year, after coworkers insulted him with anti-socialist and ethnic slurs, he allegedly replied that President Wilson “should be shot,” or “Somebody ought to kill him.” Arrested at age sixteen and interrogated by the Secret Service, he was released on bail. Rearrested in 1919 under new immigration laws for “advocating or teaching the assassination of public officials.” Confidential informants also accused him—implausibly and inconsistently—of being secretary of an anarchist group called the Roma Club, praising the Kaiser, plotting sabotage with a German agent, making or receiving a bomb, and having ties to the Black Hand. Deported to Italy December 14, 1919.

He migrated to Canada in 1920 and for years petitioned unsuccessfully to return to the United States. In 1926 he married Constance Yuraities in York, Ontario. In the 1930s, after his parents died, he subscribed to the American anarchist newspaper L’Adunata dei Refrattari.

Sources: INS file 54235/91; CPC busta 4582; L’Adunata dei Refrattari (New York).

Alex Sarchkoff (a.k.a. Savcakoff)

Born: 1886, Mogliev, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Machinist
Migration: Immigrated to US 1912
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Lived in Detroit with his wife Catherine. In November 1919 he joined Detroit’s Russian Branch No. 1 of the Communist Party. Arrested in January 1920 during the second round of Palmer Raids, he “voluntarily departed” for Russia via Canada on October 30, 1920.

Sources: INS file 54859/671.

Ivan Sarvas (a.k.a. John)

Born: Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration:
Affiliation:

Deported to Russia as a radical on November 17, 1920. No further information has been found.

Sources: INS file 54325/36G.

Tranets to Urgel

Red Scare Deportees, , , , ,

Stefan Tranets (Стефан Транец; Tranetz; aka Tronick; S. Trahety)

Born c.1894, Grodno, Russia (present-day Belarus). Migrated to US 1913. Laborer. Member of Philadelphia’s First Russian Branch of the Communist Party; previously a member of the Socialist Party. Arrested January 2, 1920. Deported to Russia, February 2, 1921.

INS file 54811/953

Stepan Tretyakov (Степан Третьяков; Stephen Tretiakoff)

Born 1896, Russia. Migrated to US 1914. 1919 joined the Communist Party of America in Passaic. Arrested during the second Palmer Raids, January 1920. Deported January 22, 1921.

INS file 54810/948; FBI file OG 8000-306384

Nestor Masarev Trubey (Нестор Масарев Трубей)

Born 1893, Grodno, Russia (present-day Belarus). Migrated to US 1912. Mechanic. Wife in Russia. Member of the Union of Russian Workers; distributed URW newspapers and volunteered as a teacher of Russian, arithmetic, and geography for a Communist-Party-run night school. Arrested in Rockford, Illinois during the second Palmer Raids, January 1920, after being reported to authorities by his suspicious landlady for remarking of the first Palmer Raids, “This is a Hell of a free country.” A large amount of correspondence and URW literature confiscated from his apartment. “Voluntary departure” to Russia via Canada, October 16, 1920.

INS file 54809/111; FBI file OG 8000-320960

Wasili Truchan (Wasilia; William)

Born 1893, Minsk, Russia (present-day Belarus). Migrated to US 1912. Autoworker. 1918 joined the Socialist Party, then Detroit’s Russian Branch No. 3 of the Communist Party. Arrested January 1920. Deported March 18, 1921.

INS file 54859/977; FBI file OG 386370

Vincent George Tryzno

Born 1880, Wojstom, Russia (present-day Belarus). Polish. Tailor. Migrated to US 1899. Joined in Baltimore by his younger sisters Annie and Amelia in 1904 an 1908. 1906 submitted a Declaration of Intent to Naturalize in Baltimore. Onetime IWW member, then member of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America. 1917 joined the Union of Russian Workers branch in Baltimore, served as its treasurer. Wife and son (Mary and Vincent) in Baltimore. Deported February 26, 1921. Subsequent activities unknown.

INS file 54709/105; FBI file OG 8000-364025

See also: Ancestry.com

Anton Trzpiot

Born 1888, Zarechye, Russia (present-day Ukraine). Ukrainian. Laborer. Served three years in the Russian Army. Migrated to Canada 1913; from there migrated US 1915 (entered without inspection). 1917 joined the Russian Federation of the Socialist Party of America in Cleveland. Also a member of the Ukrainian Dramatic Club. May 1, 1919, participated in a May Day parade in which he was carrying “a little red flag”; became a “riot” when police dispersed the marchers. Arrested with 27 other Russian radicals identified by Cleveland police and members of the Loyal American League on baseless suspicion of involvement in June 2, 1919 bombing of Mayor Harry L. Davis’s home. Answering immigration inspectors in broken English, he admitted to being a member of the Socialist Party and the “Russian Workers of the World,” which immigration authorities “presumed,” without any supporting evidence, to be the same as the Union of Russian Workers. His first deportation warrant was canceled for insufficient evidence, but he was arrested again November 28, 1919, in possession of copies of the Socialist papers Novy Mir and The Ohio Socialist were confiscated. Although Trzpiot was almost certainly not a member of the URW, this alleged affiliation became the basis for his deportation. Deported on the Buford. Subsequent activities unknown.

INS file 54616/222

Ortiub Tsubrick

Born 1893, Gomel, Russia (present-day Belarus). Steelworker. Migrated to US 1913. Wife in Russia. 1919 joined and was a “passive member” of the Union of Russian Workers in Monessen, Pennsylvania. Employee of the Pittsburgh Steel Company; participating in the 1919 steel strike when arrested in Greensburg, Pennsylvania during the first Palmer Raids, November 21, 1919. Deported on the Buford. Subsequent activities unknown.

INS file 54709/476

Foma Turka (Фома Турка; aka Tom; Tommie)

Born 1885, Białowieża, Russia (present-day Poland). Laborer. Migrated to Canada 1913; from there to US 1914. Wife and daughter in Russia. First joined the Union of Russian Workers in South Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 1916. Rejoined the URW in Newark in 1918. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids, November 11, 1919. Deported on the Buford. Subsequent activities unknown.

INS file 54709/341; FBI file OG 379689

Mike Tymoschavic

Born c.1873, Russia. Migrated to US 1912. Wife and four children in Russia. Laborer. Joined Socialist Party 1919; transferred into Communist Party of America. Arrested Pittsburgh. Deported to Russia, February 26, 1921. No further information found.

INS file 54861/187

Stanley Ull

Born 1893, Lublin, Russia (present-day Poland). Polish. Joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in 1909. Migrated to US 1912. Laborer. Joined the Socialist Party of America, then the Communist Party. Arrested in Detroit, January 1920. Declared: “We was arrested for nothing. I was believe before that his country is a good Democracy and I was arrested for nothing. I don’t know I going to believe more or not it is a free and Democratic county.” Deported March 18, 1921.

INS file 54859/697

Peter Urgel (Pete; Urgell)

Urgel’s URW membership card

Born 1895, Obrub, Russia (present-day Belarus). Laborer. Migrated to US 1913. Circa 1917 briefly joined the Socialist Party of America. 1918 joined Branch No 1. of the Union of Russian Workers in Newark. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids, November 11, 1919. Deported on the Buford. Wife, Hedwig/Gadwiga, in Newark.

INS file 54709/351

Urkevich to Vazenas

Red Scare Deportees, , , , ,

Peter Urkevich (Петр Уркевич; Urkevitch; Yurkovics; Yurkewicz; aka John Jorkevits)

Born unknown year , Minsk, Russia (present-day Belarus). Shirt presser. Migrated to US 1913. Wife and two children in Russia. 1919 joined Branch No. 1 of the Union of Russian Workers in Philadelphia. Federal agents claimed he was treasurer of the branch; he claimed to be illiterate. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids, November 7, 1919. Deported on the Buford.

INS file 54709/212; FBI file OG 378953

Josip Vargo (Joseph; Varga; aka Jospeh Vasek)

Vargo’s Communist Party membership card

Born 1881, Zákány, Austria-Hungary (present-day Hungary). Grew up in Croatia; Croatian speaker. Steelworker. Migrated to US 1913. Wife and three children in Croatia. 1916 joined the South Slavic Branch of the Socialist Party of America in Youngstown, Ohio; 1919 transferred into the Communist Party of America. Participated in 1919 steel strike at Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company. Arrested February, 1920. Deported to Yugoslavia, September 1, 1920.

INS file 54861/122

Angelo Varricchio

Born 1892 near Naples, Italy. Migrated to US 1910. Tailor. Joined the IWW and the syndicalist Federazione Socialista Italiana in Utica, New York; secretary of FSI branch. Arrested 1916 for protesting trial of Carlo Tresca. Arrested November 11, 1918 and December 18, 1918 after a music teacher adjacent to his workplace reported him for “seditious utterances.” Deported to Italy March 27, 1919.

Italian authorities noted no political activity after his deportation.

INS file 54517/90; CPC busta 5327

See also: New York Call, March 28, 1919

Vasiliy Vaschuk (Василий Ващук; Wasily Waschuk; aka Porify Silkuko; Proify Silnko)

Born 1892, Volhynia region, Russia. Laborer. Migrated to US 1913. Wife in Russia. October 1919 joined Branch No. 1 of the Union of Russian Workers in Philadelphia. Arrested in the first Palmer Raids, November 1919. Deported on the Buford.

INS file 54709/330

Mikhail Vaseyko (Михаил Васейко; Michael; Wassiko; Vaseiko; Mike Vsiko)

Born 1890, Volhynia region, Russia. Laborer. Migrated to Canada 1913; from there migrated to US 1916. Wife and child in Russia. Member of the Union of Russian Workers branch in Bridgeport, Connecticut. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids, November 20, 1919. Deported on the Buford.

INS file 54709/388; FBI file OG 8000-133915

Zachary Vaseyko (Захарий Васейко; Zach Wasciki)

Born 1886, Pidhorodna, Volynia, Russia (present-day Ukraine). Laborer. Migrated to Canada 1913; from there to the US in 1916. Wife and three children in Russia. Inconclusive evidence that he was a member of the Union of Russian Workers in Hartford, Connecticut, though he did attend several of its meetings and signed up for its automobile school. Arrested in raid on Hartford URW hall November 25, 1919. Deported on the Buford.

INS file 54709/398

Iosif Vasilenko (Иосиф Василенко; Joseph; Joe; Wassilenko)

Born 1881, Kiev Governorate, Russia (present-day Ukraine). Machinist. Migrated to US 1907; returned to Russia 1912; again migrated to US 1913. Wife and child in Russia. Twice arrested during 1919 strike at American Brass Company in Ansonia, Connecticut. Arrested again during the first Palmer Raids, November 7, 1919. Authorities claimed he belonged to the Union of Russian Workers, but he denied this and claimed he belonged only to the Socialist Party of America. Deported on the Buford.

INS file 54709/236; FBI file OG 379009

Nikolai Vasilyev (Николай Васильев; Nicholas; Wasilieff; aka Adam Vlasoff)

Born 1883, Podolian Governorate, Russia (present-day Ukriane). Ukrainian. Sailor. Already an anarchist in Russia. Migrated to US 1912. Joined Branch No. 1 of the Union of Russian Workers in New York; says he quit the URW because it “does not consist of anarchists, but merely of people who want education.” Arrested during the first Palmer Raids, November 11, 1919. Stated, “I believe that the history of government is the history of organized burglary.” Deported on the Buford.

INS file 54709/99

Konstantin Vasiliuk (Константин Василюк)

Born Lemburg, Austria-Hungry (present-day Lviv, Ukraine), c.1890. Ukrainian. Migrated to US 1909. Laborer. Married to deportee Maria Vasiliuk. Four American-born children, ages two weeks to four years in January 1921. Member and secretary of the Ukrainian Branch of the Communist Party of America in Coal Run, Pennsylvania. Deported to Russia, February 26, 1921.

Included on list of deported radicals in INS file 55110/4

Maria Vasiliuk (Мария Василюк; Mary)

Born c.1895, Lviv (Lemburg), Russia (present-day Ukraine). Ukrainian. Migrated to US 1915. Housewife. Married to deportee Konstntin Vasiliuk. Four American-born children, ages two weeks to four years in January 1921. Member of the Communist Party of America in Coal Run, Pennsylvania. Deported to Russia, February 26, 1921.

IINS file 54885/74

Stefan Vasiluk (Стефан Василук; Stephan; Wasiluk)

Born c.1892, Saratov, Russia. Migrated to US 1916. Laborer. Joined of the Union of Russian Workers in New York around 1917. Admitted to holding anarchist beliefs and agreeing with the ideas of Peter Kropotkin. Arrested February 1920. Deported January 22, 1921.

INS file 54861/133

Vasily Vasilyevich (Василий Васильевич; Wasilly; Wasilewics; Wasylewics; Wasylevicz)

Deported to Russia, October 2, 1920.

Included on lists of deported radicals in INS file 54325/36G and FBI file BS 202600-33

Stanley Vazenas (Stasys)

Born 1887, Kamay, Vilnius, Russia (present-day Lithuania). Lithuanian. Migrated to the US in 1913. Wood finisher. Joined the Socialist Party in 1917, then the Lithuanian Branch of the Communist Party in Rockford, Illinois, of which he became chairman. Arrested January 1920. Originally was to be deported to Lithuania, but as he had no relatives there, at his request he was deported to Russia on February 26, 1921, on the SS Zeeland.

INS file 54860/692