Tag Archives: URW

Makliarchuk to Manninger

Red Scare Deportees, , , , ,

Lazar Makliarchuk (or Matliarchok)

Makliarchuk’s Communist Party membership card. National Archives.

Born: 1878, Kamianets-Podilskyi, Russia (present-day Ukraine)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Joined the Socialist Party of America and later the Communist Party of America in Philadelphia. Arrested January 7, 1920, he was deported to Russia February 1, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54811/943.

Ivan Malash (a.k.a. John Malash)

Born: 1891, Aleksandrovka, Minsk, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Mason; laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the Norwich, Connecticut branch of the URW in October 1919 and became its financial secretary. Arrested at his home in Yantic, Connecticut, February 1920, he was deported January 22, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54861/10; FBI file OG 353738.

Vasily Malevsky (a.k.a. Wassily Maliewsky)

Born: 1898, Khomsk, Grodno, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Machinist
Migration: Immigrated to US 1914
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the URW in Newark in April 1919, though evidence suggested he may have been a member as early as 1917. Arrested during a raid on URW headquarters in Akron, Ohio, during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54709/536.

Dan Malina

Born: 1894, Grodno region, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Metalworker
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Worked in New Castle and Elwood, Pennsylvania, and later in Akron for Firestone. Arrested November 1919 for belonging to the URW, he denied radicalism and was released for lack of evidence. Rearrested February 22, 1921, he admitted being an anarchist and was deported March 18, 1921.

Sources: INS file 55009/21; FBI file OG 8000-355192.

Karl Malmstrom

Born: 1897, Ystad, Sweden
Nationality: Swedish
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1915
Affiliation: IWW

Joined the IWW in Portland, Oregon, December 1916. Arrested February 1917 in San Francisco for distributing IWW literature and sentenced to sixty days, he was arrested again in Seattle in 1918 on the same charge and in Everett, Washington, March 1919, when he was held for deportation. Asked if he wished to become a US citizen, he replied, “Never…I am a citizen of the world,” and stated “that workers should be ready to take up arms for industrial freedom”For the workers to get industrial freedom, I would pick up arms at any time…Just like in Russia—do away with the parasites.” He was deported June 29, 1919 as “likely to become a public charge.”

Sources: INS file 54616/34.

Ustin Manko (a.k.a. Austin; Justyn)

Ustin Manko, c. 1935. Unidentified clipping, INS file 54861/146.

Born: 1894, Kherson, Russia (present-day Ukraine)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Ukrainian
Occupation: Machinist
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the URW in Bridgeport, Connecticut, May 1919. Arrested February 1920, he married Julia Chervenak while on bail from Ellis Island May 11, 1920. Deported January 22, 1921, accompanied by Julia.

In Ukraine they had a son. Suspected by Bolsheviks of being a spy, he migrated with his family in 1924 to Turkey, then France (where a daughter was born), and in 1927 to Mexico (where another son was born). Julia, a US citizen, returned to the United States in 1932 and brought their children in 1933, but Manko was forced to remain in Mexico City. His attempts to rejoin them failed after a US Public Health inspector deemed him “insane.” Letters to his family became increasingly paranoid and incoherent. He died in Mexico City in 1976. He is the subject (under the name “Austin Voronkov”) of the semi-fictional novel The Invention of Exile (2014) by his granddaughter, Vanessa Manko.

Sources: INS file 54861/146; FBI file OG 8000-382402; https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/what-happens-to-the-deported; Vanessa Manko, The Invention of Exile: A Novel; interview with Vanessa Manko, New York City, June 13, 2018.

Pavel Manko

Born: Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration:
Affiliation:

Deported to Russia as a radical on January 22, 1921. No further information has been found.

Sources: INS file 54325/36G.

Julius Manninger (a.k.a. Julius Pichler; Julian)

Born: 1896, Ponitz, Austria-Hungary (present-day Hungary)
Nationality: Austrian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1909
Affiliation: Socialist Party of America

Joined the Socialist Party and attended a single meeting of the Communist Party of America. Arrested January 1920 in Fort Wayne, Indiana, he was deported to Austria June 22, 1920 as an alleged Communist Party member.

In February 1921 Assistant Secretary of Labor Louis F. Post concluded that the deportation had been carried out in error due to a misunderstanding of the facts. Manninger returned to the United States in December 1921 under his family name, Pichler, and declared his intention to become a US citizen.

Sources: INS file 54859/122; Hancock Democrat (Greenfield IN), January 26, 1922; Garrett Clipper (Garrett IN), January 30, 1922.

Mansevich to Martinovsky

Red Scare Deportees, , , , , , , ,

Nikolai Mansevich (a.k.a. Nicholas)

Political cartoon about Mansevich’s case, 1926. Agnes Inglis Papers, Joseph A. Labadie Collection, University of Michigan.

Born: 1886, Biaroza, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Polish
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Autoworker
Migration: Immigrated to US circa 1911
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

An employee of the Ford Motor Company, Mansevich lived in Hamtramck, Michigan with his wife and four American-born daughters. A member of Detroit’s URW Branch No. 3 and distributor of the paper Volna, he was arrested in September 1921. Despite a large national defense campaign and press coverage, he was deported June 7, 1924 to Poland.

Letters he sent his wife in 1926 described “intense suffering,” including frostbitten feet while working in a lumber camp. His wife, meanwhile, was ill and dependent on welfare assistance. At an unknown date (one source suggests around 1940) he migrated to Canada and worked as a farmer. It appears he never reunited with his wife and children, who remained in Detroit. He died in Windsor, Ontario, in 1960.

Sources: INS file 55119/18; Agnes Inglis Papers, Joseph A. Labadie Collection, University of Michigan; The New Republic, September 17, 1924; The Windsor Star, March 10, 1960; Ancestry.com.

Vito Mariani

Vito Mariani, c. 1920. National Archives.
Vito Mariani, c. 1950s. Francesco de Rogatis et al., eds., Morra de Sanctis: Tra cronaca e storia ad un anno del terremoto.

Born: 1882, Morra Irpina (present-day Morra De Sanctis), Italy
Nationality: Italian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US c. 1910
Affiliation: Anarchist

An anarchist from his youth, Mariani became a prominent activist in Lynn, Massachusetts, and later Bridgeport, Connecticut, closely associated with Luigi Galleani’s Cronaca Sovversiva. Arrested May 30, 1914 in El Paso for a radical speech during a lecture tour, he was held for deportation but released. Between about 1917 and 1919 he moved to New York and became editor of Il Refrattario and coeditor of Il Diritto with Raffaele Schiavina. Arrested February 1920 under New York’s criminal anarchy law, he was deported June 29, 1920.

In Italy in 1921 he was sentenced to two years for avoiding the draft. In 1924 he was a subscriber to Errico Malatesta’s anarchist journal Pensiero e Voluntá, and two years later he married. Italian government reports noted “good conduct” and no political activity on his part, and he was removed from the list of subversives in 1932, but in 1936 authorities preventatively detained him while Mussolini visited Morra De Sanctis. Locally, Mariani was remembered as a militant antifascist who lectured peasants outside church and became “unanimously considered the civil and moral point of reference for an entire generation.” In 1946 he was elected to local government and led the creation of the town’s first middle school. He died in 1964.

Sources: INS file 54861/318; FBI file OG 8000-385978; CPC busta 3061; Un trentennio di attività anarchica (1915-1945); Harry Weinberger Papers, Yale University; Francesco de Rogatis et al., eds., Morra de Sanctis: Tra cronaca e storia ad un anno del terremoto.

Vakula Markovets

Born: Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration:
Affiliation:

Deported (“voluntarily departed”) to Russia as a radical in September 26, 1920. No further information has been located.

Sources: INS file 54325/36G.

Sam Markowich

Born: 1899, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: wire puncher
Migration: Immigrated to US year unknown
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

An employee of the Spring Wire Company in Albion, Michigan, and member of the local branch of the Union of Russian Workers. Arrested November 7, 1919, in a local raid on the URW. Deported to Russia January 22, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54663/276; Jackson Evening News (Jackson MI), November 10, 1919; Detroit Free Press, January 11, 1920.

Ludwig Martens (born Ludwig Christian Alexander Karl Martens; a.k.a. Ludwig Karlovich Martens)

Ludwig Martens, 1920. Wikimedia Commons.

Born: 1874, Bachmut, Russia (present-day Ukraine)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: German
Occupation: Engineer; diplomat
Migration: Immigrated to US 1916
Affiliation: Russian Soviet Government Bureau

The son of a German factory owner, he joined the League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class while a university student in Saint Petersburg. Arrested in 1896 and deported to Germany in 1899, he joined the German Social Democratic Party, the emigrated to England.

In the United States he became vice president of a New York engineering firm and joined the editorial board of the Socialist Party’s Russian-language newspaper Novy Mir. 1919 transferred into the Communist Party of America. Returned to Russia in 1917. In January 1919 he was appointed the official representative of the Soviet government in the US and returned to New York, though the United States refused him recognition. That March he established the Russian Soviet Government Bureau to negotiate contracts with American firms. Ordered deported in 1920, he left by “voluntary departure” January 22, 1921.

In the Soviet Union he served in the Supreme Soviet of the National Economy and later headed diesel-engine research and development. He retired with honors in 1941 and died in 1948.

Sources: FBI file OG 8000-377098; Frederick C. Giffin, “The Martens Mission,” International Social Science Review 73, no. 3/4 (1998); Todd J. Pfannestiel, Rethinking the Red Scare: The Lusk Committee and New York’s Crusade Against Radicalism, 1919-1923; G. Evgenev and B. Shapik, Revoliutsioner, diplomat, uchenyi (o L.K. Martens); https://web.archive.org/web/20220808190823/http:/deadlypass.com/wp/martens-ludwig-karlovich/; New York Times, October 22, 1948.

John Martin

John Martin, 1918. National Archives.

Born: 1885, Hørsholm, Denmark
Nationality: Danish
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer; lumber worker
Migration: Immigrated to US 1910
Affiliation: Industrial Workers of the World

Joined the IWW in Seattle in 1916, later becoming branch secretary in Raymond, Washington and district secretary for the Lumber Workers’ Industrial Union No. 500. He helped lead the major 1917 lumber strike in the Northwest. A defendant in the federal IWW trial of 1917–1918, he was sentenced to ten years and a $30,000 fine. His sentence was later commuted on condition of deportation, and he was deported December 7, 1922.

Sources: INS file 54616/57; Industrial Workers of the World Collection, Walter P. Reuther Library, Wayne State University; Stephen M. Kohn, American Political Prisoners: Prosecutions under the Espionage and Sedition Acts.

Tomás Martínez (a.k.a. Thomas Martinez)

Tomás Martínez, 1918. National Archives.
Martínez shortly before his death in Mexico, 1921. America: Numero Unico, January 1922.

Born: 1893, Mexico
Nationality: Mexican
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Miner
Migration: Migrated to US c. 1915
Affiliation: IWW

Martínez participated in the Mexican Revolution beginning in 1910, then joined the IWW in Sonora and organized miners in Cananea. In 1914 he was expelled from Sonora as a supposed Huerta supporter, prompting a strike of 2,500–3,000 miners until he was allowed to return.

From 1915 to 1918 he was active in IWW and Partido Liberal Mexicano circles in Arizona and Los Angeles and wrote extensively for the IWW paper El Rebelde. Arrested in Miami, Arizona, in March 1918, he was sentenced under the Espionage Act to two years in Leavenworth and a $500 fine. He contracted tuberculosis in prison, and a botched appendicitis operation caused septicemia. After release he requested permission to depart for a country other than Mexico, fearing execution for his revolutionary past, but the request was denied. Deported in 1921, he was reportedly near death when sent across the border.

He never recovered and died in Guadalajara October 23, 1921. Fellow activists buried him beneath a headstone reading: ¡Nunca olvidamos! (“We never forget!”)

Sources: INS file 54412/47 (missing); FBI file OG 240868; Tucson Citizen, April 15, 1914; Harry Weinberger Papers, Yale University; Elizabeth Gurley Flynn Papers, Wisconsin Historical Society; Erie Labor Press, December 3, 1921; America: Numero Unico (Boston), January 1922.

Ivan Martinovsky (a.k.a. John Martinowski)

Born: 1887, Cherga, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1909
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the URW branch in Rockville, Connecticut, September 1919 and became its secretary. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54709/260; FBI file OG 253632.

Martzin to McPherson

Red Scare Deportees, , , , ,

Mary Martzin

Born: c. 1898, Minsk, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Housewife
Migration: Immigrated to US year unknown
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

An anarchist and URW member since 1918, Martzin was the wife of fellow deportee Vincent Martzin. She had two children—one aged two years and one six months old—when detained. She was deported to Russia February 26, 1921, taking the children with her.

Sources: INS file 55009/16.

Vincent Martzin

Born: 1893, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1914
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Martzin joined the URW in New York in 1916. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919. His pregnant common-law wife Mary and their infant child remained in the United States until Mary’s deportation in 1921.

Sources: INS file 54709/276; FBI file OG 378318.

Pietro Marucco

Pietro Marucco, c. 1918. Il Domani, April 1919.

Born: c. 1885, Maggiora, Italy
Nationality: Italian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Miner
Migration: Immigrated to US 1905
Affiliation: Anarchist

Joined a brother in Pennsylvania’s coal mines. Both brothers joined the anarchist Demolizione Group in Latrobe, Pennsylvania and supported Luigi Galleani’s Cronaca Sovversiva. Pietro was arrested May 20, 1918, and deported February 22, 1919.

Though reportedly in perfect health at departure, he died at sea March 8, 1919. The official cause was “pneumonia following influenza,” and he was buried at sea, though comrades believed he had been killed and vowed revenge.

Sources: INS file 54379/378; Elizabeth Gurley Flynn Papers, Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives; Il Diritto, April 1919; Paul Avrich, Sacco and Vanzetti: The Anarchist Background; Antonio Senta, Luigi Galleani: The Most Dangerous Anarchist in America.

Kazis Maskalunas (a.k.a. Kasimir Maskaljunas; Kaziz Maskilunas)

Born: 1894, Kovno, Russia (present-day Kaunas, Lithuania)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Lithuanian
Occupation: Lumber worker
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers; IWW

Maskalunas joined the URW in 1916 and the IWW in 1917. Arrested January 1918 in Seattle while inquiring at a US immigration office about a detained friend, he was held without hearing for three months and then transferred to jail in Ellensburg, Washington, where he was finally examined. He was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54379/101.

Bartolomeo Massullo

Bartolomeo Massullo, 1917. Knoxville Sentinel, December 12, 1917.

Born: 1881, Bagnoli, Italy
Nationality: Italian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Anarchist

Already an anarchist before emigrating, Massullo had a wife and three children in Italy. In Seattle he joined the Circolo di Studi Sociali, distributed Luigi Galleani’s Cronaca Sovversiva, and corresponded with the movement’s leading figures. Arrested November 1917, he provided names and addresses of Circolo members under interrogation. Deported July 10, 1919.

Italian authorities later reported no radical activity, though he secretly continued reading and fundraising for anarchist publications. In 1923 he emigrated to Canada, then illegally reentered the United States in 1929 and settled in Hayward, California, where he was no longer politically active.

Sources: INS file 54616/19; CPC busta 3143; Gianfranco Cresciani, “Exploitation, Emigration and Anarchism: the Case of Isidoro Alessandro Bertazzon,” Altreitalie no. 46 (January-June 2013); Giuseppe Galzerano, Andrea Salsedo: vita, galera e morte dell’editore anarchico “suicidato” dalla polizia americana; La Frusta, July 1, 1922; Ancestry.com.

Filimon Matera (a.k.a. William; Molorik)

Born: 1881, Chernihiv Oblast, Russia (present-day Ukraine)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Ukrainian
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers; IWW

Active in revolutionary movements in Russia since 1905.

In the United States he joined both the URW and IWW in Seattle. His wife and children remained in Russia. Arrested January 1920, he was deported to Russia February 2, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54860/420.

Pavel Matesky (a.k.a. Paul)

Born: c. 1889, Mogiliev, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Weaver
Migration: Immigrated to US 1914
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers; IWW

Joined the URW in Waterbury, Connecticut in October 1917 and later became secretary of the Montville branch. Also an IWW member. He admitted being an anarchist and advocating the overthrow of governments by force and violence. Arrested January 19, 1920, he was deported to Russia February 26, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54861/11.

Elia Matuska

Born: 1894, Grodno, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Machinist
Migration: Immigrated to US 1912
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Matuska joined the Socialist Party and later became a charter member of Chicago’s Karl Marx Branch No. 4 of the Communist Party, serving as branch librarian. He was deported March 18, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54859/4.

James Maundeloe

Born: 1895, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer; butcher
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the Greensburg, Pennsylvania URW branch in 1919 but claimed he was expelled after briefly becoming a butcher-shop owner. He participated in the 1919 strike at the American Sheet and Tinplate Company. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54709/431.

Donald McPherson (a.k.a. Edgar Dunn)

Born: 1898, Leeds, England
Nationality: British
Ethnicity: Scottish
Occupation: Sailor
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: IWW

McPherson joined the IWW around 1915. Arrested September 9, 1918 in Seattle, he stated when asked about the Soviet government: “It is all right.” At a later immigration hearing he refused to answer questions. He was deported July 12, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54517/54.

Mechuk to Meskov

Red Scare Deportees, , , ,

Trofin Mechuk (or Nacsuk)

Born: Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration:
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

A member of Russian Branch No. 3 of the Communist Party of America in Detroit. Arrested during the second Palmer Raids in January 1920 and “voluntary departed” to Russia via Canada on October 16, 1920.

Sources: FBI file BS 202600-1378-1.

John Meehan (a.k.a. Jack)

Born: 1878, Ireland
Nationality: British
Ethnicity: Irish
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1893
Affiliation: IWW

An IWW member arrested in Everett, Washington, and deported December 6, 1918.

Joined the Merseyside branch of the IWW in Liverpool, then in the 1920s became active in Liverpool in the Communist Party of Great Britain, the Seamen’s Vigilance Committee, and the National Unemployed Workers’ Committee Movement.

Sources: Evening Express (Liverpool), September 14, 1921 and October 10, 1923; Liverpool Echo, September 29, 1921.

Peter Melcishik

Born: Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration:
Affiliation:

Deported to Russia as a radical on January 22, 1921. No further information has been found.

Sources: INS file 54325/36G.

Gregory Melnikov (or Melikov; a.k.a. Kushneroff; Oleinik)

Born: 1896, Volhynia, Russia (present-day Ukraine)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Janitor
Migration: Immigrated to US 1917
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Melnikov was arrested and beaten at the URW’s People’s House in New York City on November 11, 1919. He denied URW membership, but a confidential Department of Justice informant testified that he belonged to the organization. Deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54709/522.

Nikolai Melikov (a.k.a. Nick Melikoff; Melincoff; Melnikov)

Born: c. 1886, Odessa, Russia (present-day Ukraine)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Painter
Migration: Migrated to US 1917 (via Canada)
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Belonged to URW branches in San Francisco, Los Angeles, Vancouver, and New York, and had previously been fined and imprisoned in Vancouver for serving as an officer of the organization. His wife Olga lived with him in New York. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he testified that he advocated overthrowing government “by mind, never by force…I am against every kind of government…I am opposed to every Government that is based on exploitation of one man by another.” Deported January 22, 1921 aboard the SS Stockholm.

By 1924 he was, like many Russian anarchists, a political prisoner in the Solovetsky Special Purpose Camp.

Sources: INS file 54861/306; ational Popular Government League, To the American People: Report Upon the Illegal Practices of the United States Department of Justice; Der Syndikalist (Berlin), no. 17 [May] 1924.

Pavel Melnikov (a.k.a. Paul Melnicoff; Pawel Melnik)

Born: 1886, Kiev, Russia (present-day Ukraine)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Slovenian
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Attended gymnasium until age eighteen and worked as a clerk before emigrating.

Around 1918 he joined the URW and became a national organizer and lecturer based in Seattle and San Francisco; he also taught English in the URW school in San Francisco. He was accused, without evidence, of involvement in bomb and assassination plots. Arrested April 23, 1917 in Trenton, New Jersey for allegedly making seditious remarks and again in March 1919 in San Francisco for vagrancy, he was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54616/123; Lazar Lipotkin, The Russian Anarchist Movement in North America.

Peter Williamson Merta (a.k.a. Peter Williamson)

Born: 1885, Finland
Nationality: Finnish
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Lumber worker; newspaper editor
Migration: Immigrated to US 1908 via Canada
Affiliation: IWW

Served as secretary-treasurer of the IWW’s Lumber Workers’ Union No. 500 in Raymond, Washington. His 1916 citizenship application was denied because of his IWW membership. Arrested February 1918 while posting IWW stickers, he served fifteen days and was then detained for deportation but released on bail. After relocating to Duluth he became an editor of the Finnish-language IWW paper Industrialisti. Arrested again in December 1918, his lawyer successfully argued he should be deported to Sweden rather than Finland, where anti-socialist Whites had recently won a civil war. His wife Elsie, also an IWW member, initially requested deportation with him but ultimately remained in the United States.

Sources: INS file 54397/134; FBI file OG 8000-382409; Committee on Immigration and Naturalization, House of Representatives, Communist and Anarchist Deportation Cases; Frances H. Early, A World Without War: How U.S. Feminists and Pacifists Resisted World War I.

Sam Meskov (a.k.a. Serpion; Meshkov; Miskoff; Meshoff; Moshoff)

Born: 1889, Saratov, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Miner
Migration: Immigrated to US 1912
Affiliation: InWW

Joined the IWW in March 1919 and distributed its literature. Arrested in Van Voorhis, Pennsylvania, he was described by Commissioner-General of Immigration A. Caminetti as “apparently an ignorant harmless fellow, [but] the Bureau [of Immigration] is of the opinion that this type of man is often dangerous because of his ignorance and the fact that he can be easily imposed upon by the shrewder type of radical.” Deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54709/34; FBI file OG 284810.

Metcalfe to Miller

Red Scare Deportees, , , , , ,

Sidney Metcalfe

Born: 1893, Leeds, England
Nationality: British
Ethnicity: Englsih
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Migrated to US 1906
Affiliation: IWW

Migrated to U.S. with his family in 1906, at age thirteen. Became a “hobo” laborer, telling authorities, “I had a thousand different jobs” in the US and Canada. Joined the Industrial Workers of the World in 1916 in Salina, Kansas. He served a year in Pierce County Jail for refusing draft registration, which he described as “an employers’ edict.” Arrested in Tacoma in February 1919 while posting IWW stickers, he was deported June 21, 1919.

After arrival in England he said he would continue IWW propaganda if conditions were similar to America’s, but later observed there was little outlet for such activity. He became an admirer of George Lansbury and worked as a docker in Liverpool.

Sources: INS file 54517/88; FBI file OG 8000-382412.

Nicholas Michels

Born: Austria-Hungary, year unknown
Nationality: Hungarian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration:
Affiliation: Communist Labor Party

A member of the Communist Labor Party deported to Hungary in 1921. No further information has been found.

Sources: FBI file OG 381688.

Feodor Michkov (a.k.a. Fred Mechcoff; Michcov; Mihaitch)

Born: c. 1888, Moscow, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1914
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Previously arrested in Russia for a political offense, Michkov joined the Union of Russian Workers in New York. Arrested February 1920, he admitted anarchist beliefs and opposition to organized government. Deported to Russia January 22, 1921.

Source: INS file 54861/131.

Kalenik Migura (a.k.a. Kalymnyk)

Born: 1885, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the URW branch in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, became its secretary, and was arrested February 1920. Deported January 22, 1921. His wife and child remained in Russia.

Sources: INS file 54861/75; FBI file OG 381865.

Nikolai Mikhaelov (a.k.a. Nicholas Mihaeloff; Mikeloff; Michaelov; Peter Lund; Fritiak)

Born: 1893, Petrograd, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Sailor; machinist
Migration: Immigrated to US 1917
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers; IWW

After fighting in France for the British and Russian armies during the First World War, Mikhaelov migrated across several countries before reaching the US in 1917. (According to another source, however, he was leader of an anarchist gang that took part in “expropriations” in Petrograd in 1916 and fled to the U.S. after two members were killed and he was injured in the hand.) He joined the URW in Newark and also the IWW. Arrested March 1919 and released on bail, he was expelled from the URW after his partner allegedly approached police as an informant. He nonetheless declared his desire to return to Russia to overthrow Lenin and establish “pure anarchy.” Deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919. His wife and child remained in the US.

Source: INS file 54616/106.

Grigory Mikhalevich (a.k.a. Gregory Michaelevitcz; Michailevich; Nicholavitch)

Born: Russia, year unknown
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration:
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Member of Russian Branch No. 6 of the Communist Party of America in New York. Deported December 23, 1920. No further information has been found.

Source: INS file 54859/199.

Gavril Mikhnevich (a.k.a. Hawril Michnewitz; Michniewich; Harry Grigory)

Mikhnevich’s URW membership card. National Archives.
Gavril Mikhnevich, c. 1920s. B. Ratner, Istoriia Moskovskogo instrumental’nogo zavoda.

Born: 1886, Kremno, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Factory worker
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

His wife remained in Russia while he emigrated. Joined the URW in Hartford in August 1919 and was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

After arrival in Soviet Russia he was one of six deportees who met Lenin seeking financial support. He later worked at the Russian-American Tool Plant and helped form a factory committee there, and appears to have joined the Russian Communist Party.

Source: INS file 54709/421; B. Ratner, Istoriia Moskovskogo instrumental’nogo zavoda.

Julius Miller

Julius Miller, c. 1920. National Archives.

Born: 1894, Dvinsk, Russia (present-day Latvia)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1915
Affiliation: IWW

An IWW member and delegate, Miller was arrested in Detroit in January 1920. After his release on bail he was arrested again in Cleveland for distributing IWW literature and held for over a year in the county jail, where an immigration inspector reported his health was deteriorating badly. Deported to Russia February 26, 1921.

Source: INS file 54860/32.

Samuel Miller (a.k.a. Sholem Melamed; Schulim)

Born: 1897, Kiev, Russia (present-day Ukraine)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Jewish
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1914
Affiliation: IWW; anarchist

An employee of Sears, Roebuck and Company in Chicago, as well as an IWW member and anarchist, Miller was arrested in July 1917. When asked his nationality, he replied: “I am international.” His attorney, Clarence Darrow, unsuccessfully argued that as a pacifist “philosophical anarchist” Miller should not fall under the anarchist exclusion laws. Deported December 23, 1920.

Source: INS file 54235/36-A.

Milligan to Molochko

Red Scare Deportees, , , , , ,

William Milligan (a.k.a. Wilson)

Born: 1874, Edinburgh, Scotland
Nationality: British
Ethnicity: Scottish
Occupation: Miner
Migration: Immigrated to U.S. c. 1901
Affiliation: IWW; anarchist

Migrated to South Africa c. 1900, then to Australia and Mexico, before arriving in the United States around 1901. Worked in mines and acted as an IWW propagandist on both sides of the U.S.–Mexico border. Although he filed a declaration of intent to naturalize, he never completed his application for citizenship, explaining, “I traveled all over the country and saw too much.” Arrested in Deming, New Mexico, in September 1919, he was deported April 3, 1920.

Sources: INS file 54709/648; The Deming Headlight (Deming, NM), September 26, 1919.

Anton Minarich (a.k.a. Tony)

Born: 1891, near Fiume, Austria-Hungary (present-day Croatia)
Nationality: Yugoslavian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Migrated to U.S. 1909
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Worked for the Ford Motor Company Hospital in Detroit and joined South Slavic Branch No. 17 of the Communist Party in 1919. Arrested during the second Palmer Raids in January 1920 and held at Fort Wayne, he was deported to Yugoslavia on June 19, 1920.

Sources: INS file 54860/50; FBI file OG 387463.

Yakov Minich (a.k.a. Jacob; Jakow; Minicz; Menich)

Born: c. 1888, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Migrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

His wife and three children remained in Russia. He joined Russian Branch No. 1 of the Communist Party of America in Rachine, Wisconsin. Arrested January 2, 1920, and deported to Russia February 26, 1921.

Source: INS file 54859-167.

Petr Ivanovich Mironovich

Mironovich’s URW membership card. National Archives.

Born: 1900, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Migrated to US 1915
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Belonged to the URW in New York and later Hartford, Connecticut. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Source: INS file 54709/527.

______ Mirolyubov

Born: Russia, year unknown
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration:
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

A member of the Union of Russian Workers in Akron, Ohio, he was deported to Russia. No further information has been found.

Sources: Probuzhdenie, January 1932.

Simeon Misnik (a.k.a. Semeon; Minnik)

Born: Russia, year unknown
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration:
Affiliation:

Arrested during the second Palmer Raids in January 1920 and agreed to “voluntary departure” to Russia October 16, 1920. No further information has been found.

Source: FBI file BS 202600-153-1.

Joseph Miss

Born: Austro-Hungarian
Nationality: Hungarian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration:
Affiliation:

Deported to Hungary as a radical on March 21, 1920. No additional information has been found.

Source: NS file 54325/36G.

Xavier Mitalski (a.k.a. Prostopluk)

Born: 1885, Volyn, Russia (present-day Ukraine)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Carpenter
Migration: Migrated to US 1909
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Worked in New York, Chicago, and Detroit and belonged to the URW along with his brothers and cousin. Arrested in Chicago November 14, 1919, he claimed his membership lasted only “a month and a half,” though authorities found URW literature in his apartment. Deported to Russia March 18, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54709/434; FBI file OG 8000-385993.

Nicholas Mlaveransky (or Mlaverausky)

Born: 1894, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Machinist
Migration: Migrated to US 1914
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the URW in Bridgeport, Connecticut, in 1918. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Source: INS file 54709/376.

Ketia Fedrovich Molkowsky (a.k.a. L.C. Marten; Leo Martin)

Born: 1884, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer; fisherman
Migration:
Affiliation:

Arrested in Seattle in September 1919 and deported on the Buford on December 21 as a contract laborer and as “likely to become a public charge,” though officials also suspected radicalism.

Source: Committee on Immigration and Naturalization, House of Representatives, Communist and Anarchist Deportation Cases.

Aggi Molochko (a.k.a. Mike A. Molaka)

Born: 1889, Starobin, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Belarusian
Occupation: Millworker
Migration: Migrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the URW in Norwich, Connecticut, in February 1918. Arrested during the second Palmer Raids in January 1920, he was deported February 1, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54861/8; FBI file OG 380828.

Peter Moloishik (or Maloishun)

Moloishik’s URW membership card. National Archives.

Born: 1895, Grodna, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Polish
Ethnicity: Russian
Occupation: Laborer; moulder
Migration: Migrated to US 1912
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Although he claimed Polish citizenship, authorities listed his “race” as Russian. He joined the URW in May 1919. Arrested in Marshall, Michigan, November 14, 1919, he was deported to Poland January 22, 1921.

Source: INS file 54709/529.

Momotuk to Murza

Red Scare Deportees, , , , , , , , ,

Trofin Momotuk (or Mormochuk; a.k.a. Theodore Maumat)

Born: 1886, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Steelworker
Migration: Migrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Had a wife living in Russia. He joined the URW in Youngstown, Ohio. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Source: INS file 54709/187.

Giuseppe Montagni

Giuseppe Montagni, c. 1920. Archivio Centrale dello Stato, Italy.

Born: 1890, Riva di Trento, Austria-Hungary (present-day Italy)
Nationality: Italian
Ethnicity: Italian
Occupation: Electrician
Migration: Migrated to US 1911
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Lived in Buffalo, Philadelphia, and Pittsburgh and joined the Communist Party of America. Deported June 19, 1920.

He apparently did not join the Italian Communist Party, but in late 1922 he illegally emigrated to Hungary hoping to reach Russia. Arrested in Budapest en route, he was interned for ten months at Zalaegerszeg before being expelled back to Italy in June 1924. After several years of itinerant work, he settled in his hometown as a farmer. Italian authorities continued surveillance of him as a radical until 1941.

Sources: FBI file OG 204622; CPC busta 3359.

Tugardo Montanari

Born: 1886, Orciano di Pesaro, Italy
Nationality: Italian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Metalworker; iron molder
Migration: Migrated to US 1903
Affiliation: Anarchist

Not politically radical before immigrating, he became an anarchist and distributed Luigi Galleani’s Cronaca Sovversiva throughout New England by motorcycle. In 1913 he was arrested in Worcester, Massachusetts, for “lewd and lascivious cohabitation” with his companion Lucia Mancini and served six months. Arrested again May 17, 1918, in Mansfield, Massachusetts, he was deported June 24, 1919, while Mancini and their daughter remained in the US.

In 1923 he emigrated to France, where he continued anarchist and antifascist activity. He was still living there in 1977 and contributing funds to the Italian anarchist magazine Volontà.

Sources: INS file 54379/374; CPC busta 3366; Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America; Volontà, January–February 1977.

Ivan Morgolenkow (a.k.a. John Novak)

Born: 1891, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Longshoreman
Migration: Migrated to US 1911
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Belonged to the URW in Baltimore. Arrested December 3, 1919, he was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Source: INS file 54709/622.

Harry Morozoff (a.k.a. Morogoff)

Born: c. 1894, Vilnius, Russia (present-day Lithuania)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Migrated to US 1912
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Joined the Socialist Party in 1917 and attended meetings of Russian Branch No. 3 of the Communist Party in Detroit in 1919, though he denied formal membership. Arrested January 1920 and held at Fort Wayne, he was deported to Russia March 18, 1921.

Source: INS file 54860/54.

Grigori Moroz (a.k.a. Gregory; Mike Moroz)

Born: 1893, Grodno, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Migrated to Canada 1913; then to US 1916
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined URW Branch No. 1 in Baltimore in April 1919. He worked at the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Plant, where in October 1919 a company officer reported him for wearing a black button bearing the name of the URW newspaper Khleb i Volia. Arrested November 1919, he was deported to Russia February 1, 1921.

Source: INS file 54709/108.

Roman Mosichuk (or Mosichok; Mosicshok; Mosithuk)

Born: 1890, Volyn, Russia (present-day Ukraine)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Ukrainian
Occupation: Blacksmith’s helper
Migration: Migrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the URW in Newark in 1915 and became secretary of its school in Trenton, New Jersey, where he distributed URW literature. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Source: INS file 54709/220.

Pavel Mozuris (a.k.a. Paul; Mozures)

Born: 1885, Suwałki, Russia (present-day Poland)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Lithuanian
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Migrated to US 1907
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Joined the Communist Party in New York in 1919. On January 20, 1920, he voluntarily reported himself to the Department of Justice as a party member because he had been blacklisted and wanted to return to Russia. After more than six months’ detention on Ellis Island, he escaped July 12, 1920, by leaping from a third-floor window into the water below. Later located in Kalamazoo, Michigan, he was arrested and deported February 26, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54861/22; FBI file OG 381458.

Joseph Mule

Born:
Nationality: Yugoslavian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration:
Affiliation:

Deported to Yugoslavia as a radical June 19, 1920. No additional information has been located.

Source: INS file 54325/36G.

Camillo Muñoz

Born: 1880, Nochistlán, Mexico
Nationality: Mexican
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Migrated to US 1915
Affiliation: Anarchist

Muñoz belonged to the anarchist group Los Errantes in Morenci, Arizona, affiliated with the Partido Liberal Mexicano. Arrested September 19, 1919, in Tucson, his wife and three Mexican-born children traveled there intending to accompany him if deported. He was deported December 3, 1919.

Source: INS file 54709/70.

José Maria Murias

Born: 1889, Rosario de Santa Fe, Argentina
Nationality: Disputed
Ethnicity: Spanish (father); Italian (mother)
Occupation: Sailor; miner
Migration: Migrated to US 1914
Affiliation: IWW

Joined the IWW in San Francisco in 1914 and became a delegate and organizer in Arizona. Arrested in Globe, Arizona, in September 1918, immigration officials faced a diplomatic impasse when Argentina claimed he was a Spanish citizen and Spain claimed he was an Argentine citizen. He was ultimately allowed to “reship as a foreign seaman” to Costa Rica July 11, 1919.

A 1920 report stated he later made several voyages to New York as a seaman and expected to return again.

Source: INS file 54648/32.

Vasily Murza (a.k.a. Sam Drozda; Sam Murza; Sam Murgu)

Born: c. 1897, Grodno, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Steelworker
Migration: Migrated to US 1912
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Joined the Communist Party of America in Buffalo in November 1919. According to immigration authorities, “He appears to be a dangerous radical and, in addition, he is immoral, as will be seen from the testimony he is living with a woman without being married to her.” (In fact, he and his wife Pauline Brya had been legally married in a civil ceremony.) Arrested January 1920, he was deported to Russia February 26, 1921.

Source: INS file 54809/516.

Nabagez to Newlander

Red Scare Deportees, , , , , , , ,

Ivan Nabagez (a.k.a. John; Nabajix; Nabagiz)

Ivan Nabagez, c. 1919. National Archives.

Born: 1894, Minsk, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Migrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the URW in Hartford, Connecticut, in August 1919. Arrested in the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Source: INS file 54709/397

Alexander Nagula

Born: Russia, year unknown
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration:
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Belonged to Russian Branch No. 3 of the Communist Party in Detroit. Arrested during the second Palmer Raids in January 1920, he accepted “voluntary departure” to Russia via Canada on October 16, 1920. No further information has been located.

Source: FBI file BS 202600-1377-1.

Semeon Nakhwat (a.k.a. Samuel Mackway)

Born: 1886, Grodno, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Factory worker
Migration: Migrated to US 1914
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the URW branch in Ansonia, Connecticut, in October 1919. Arrested November 1919, he was deported to Russia January 22, 1921.

Source: INS file 54709/383.

Pasquale Nardini (a.k.a. Bruno Nardini)

Pasquale Nardini with wife Maria, c. 1917. Social War Bulletin, April 1918.

Born: 1882, Fano, Italy
Nationality: Italian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: millworker
Migration: Migrated to US 1910
Affiliation: Anarchist

Migrated to the U.S. in 1910 with his wife Maria (née Frattesi) and their five-year-old son. Both and Maria joned the anarchist Circolo Studi Sociali of Milwaukee. Both arrested in 1917 after an Italian anarchist riot and convicted of “assault with intent to kill and murder,” but their convictions were overturned. Immediately afterward they were detained for deportation. Pasquale was deported July 15, 1920; Maria’s deportation warrant was canceled June 8, 1920.

In 1921 he emigrated from Italy to Canada, where Maria and their child joined him. Maria and their son returned to the US in 1925, and Pasquale followed illegally soon after, now going by the name Bruno Nardini. From their New Haven home he donated funds to New York’s anarchist paper L’Adunata dei Refrattari from 1925 to at least 1937. By 1941 the family was living in Harlem operating a grocery store. Maria became a US citizen in 1945. Pasquale died in 1951.

Sources: INS file 54235/72 (missing); CPC busta 3494; Robert Tanzilo, The Milwaukee Police Station Bomb of 1917; Dean A. Strang, Worse than the Devil: Anarchists, Clarence Darrow, and Justice in a Time of Terror; L’Adunata dei Refrattari.

Anani Nazarchuk (a.k.a. Anni; Andrew; Nazarczuk)

Born: 1892, Volhynia, Russia (present-day Ukraine or Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Migrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Socialist Party of America; Union of Russian Workers

Belonged to the Socialist Party in Bristol, Connecticut, and was also accused—on flimsy evidence—of URW membership. Arrested June 1918 for distributing radical literature and again in November 1919 during the first Palmer Raids, he was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54709/164; FBI file OG 8000-373183.

Andrei Nazaruk (a.k.a. Andrew; Mazaruk; Prisoophick)

Born: 1894, Zabawa, Russia (present-day Poland)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Belarussian
Occupation: Steelworker
Migration: Migrated to US 1914
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Arrested in Newark on December 3, 1919, during the Palmer Raids, accused–based upon flimsy evidence–of belonging to the Union of Russian Workers. He was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Source: INS file 54709/627.

Gavril Nechiporenko (a.k.a. Gabriel)

Born: 1889, Kyiv, Russia (present-day Ukraine)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Migrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

His wiefe remained in Russia when he emigrated. Worked in a foundry at the Ford Motor Company and joined Russian Branch No. 3 of the Communist Party of America in Detroit. Arrested January 1920 and held at Fort Wayne, he was deported to Russia February 26, 1921.

Source: INS file 55110/4.

Mayer Libson Nehring (a.k.a. Myer; Meier; Nearing)

Born: 1892, Warsaw, Russia (present-day Poland)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Jewish
Occupation: Hatmaker; chiropractor; pharmacist
Migration: Migrated to US 1914
Affiliation: Anarchist; IWW

Anarchist and IWW organizer in Cleveland. In February 1919 he was convicted under the Espionage Act for an antiwar speech and sentenced to nineteen years. At his sentencing the judge declared: “I presume that the Russian Bolshevists would welcome you, and Lenine and Trotzky would be glad to see you back in the event that the government should deport you…in the event that the Government does not send you back to Russia I am going to protect America from your activities by sending you the Atlanta penitentiary for 19 years at hard labor.” His sentence was later commuted on condition of deportation, and he was deported February 26, 1921.

Refused entry at Libau because of anarchism, he coauthored An Open Letter to the Russian Premier Lenin and returned to the U.S., where he apparently ceased radical activity. He received an unconditional presidential pardon in September 1930. In 1935 he applied for US citizenship and was denied, but the decision was reversed on appeal.

Sources: INS file 121/2; Pittsburgh Daily Post, February 23, 1919; Freedom (London), May 1921; Free Society (New York), October–November 1921; Ancenstry.com.

Pavel Nestoruk (a.k.a. Paul Nestoruck; Piole Nestium; Prole Nestruk; Nestrum)

Born: 1888, Brest-Litovsk, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Migrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Migrated to the U.S. in 1913 via Canada, while his wife and children remained in Russia. Joined the URW in Bridgeport, Connecticut, in 1919. Arrested in the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Source: INS file 54709/395.

Ivan Nevar (a.k.a. John Newar)

Born: 1885, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Migrated to US 1912
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the URW in Newark in September 1919. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54709/338; FBI file OG 381446.

Carl William Newlander (a.k.a. Karl Wilhelm Nylander)

Born: 1890, Boo, Sweden
Nationality: Swedish
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Migrated to US 1906
Affiliation: Anarchist

Migrated to the U.S. in 1906 to evade military service, he lived in Chicago, San Francisco, and New York. Became an active anarchist and close friend of Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman, collaborating on Mother Earth, The Blast, and the Mother Earth Bulletin, and he ran the Mother Earth Book Shop in New York. Arrested June 29, 1918, for draft evasion and sentenced in January 1919 to 60 days under the Selective Service Act, he was detained upon release and deported April 24, 1919.

In Sweden he settled in Hjortkvarn but was blacklisted in 1920 after a dispute with an employer. He visited Goldman and Berkman in Stockholm in early 1921 and corresponded extensively with Goldman. In 1922 he migrated to Canada with his companion and child. After Goldman moved there in 1927, he reunited with and assisted her, later serving as secretary of Toronto’s Libertarian Group.

Source: INS file 54517/1; Harry Weinberger Papers, Yale University; Freedom (New York), April–May 1919; Emma Goldman Papers, International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam; Paul Avrich and Karen Avrich, Sasha and Emma: The Anarchist Odyssey of Alexander Berkman and Emma Goldman.

Nichiperuck to Notore

Red Scare Deportees, , , , , , ,

Walter Nichiperuck

Born: 1894, Grodno, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Machinist
Migration:
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Served as secretary of the URW branch in Hartford, Connecticut. He was deported to Russia on January 22, 1921.

Source: INS file 54709/529.

José Nicieza

Members of Spanish-speaking Los Corsarios Group, including Nicieza, 1919. National Archives.

Born: 1899, Oviedo, Spain
Nationality: Spanish
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Migrated to Cuba 1914; then to US 1917
Affiliation: Anarchist

Stated that he had held anarchist ideas “since my childhood” and sympathized with anarchism while still in Spain, though he did not become active until emigrating. In New York he joined the anarchist Los Corsarios Group, which published El Corsario. He was one of fourteen members arrested in February 1919 by Secret Service agents on unfounded allegations of a plot to assassinate Woodrow Wilson. All charges were dropped, but several members, including Nicieza, were detained for deportation as anarchists. He was deported to Spain May 4, 1919.

Source: INS file 54616/79.

Frank Nikolaev (or Nikolaeff)

Born: 1884, Russia (somewhere in present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Steelworker
Migration: Migrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the URW in Monessen, Pennsylvania, in 1919. Arrested November 26, 1919, in Greensburg, Pennsylvania, he was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54709/520; FBI file OG 381430.

Paul Nikolajchyk (or Nicholachuk; a.k.a. Paul Nicholas)

Paul Nikolajchyk ‘s Communist Party membership card. National Archives.

Born: c. 1888, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration: Migrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Lived in Newark and belonged to New York’s Russian Branch No. 1 of the Communist Party of America. His wife remained in Russia. He was deported there February 1, 1921.

Source: INS file 54859/217.

Anton Nikolaychuk (a.k.a. Nick; Nikolajchuk)

Nikolaychuk’s Communist Party membership card. National Archives.

Born: c. 1894, Kyiv oblast, Russia (present-day Ukraine)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Migrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Joined the Socialist Party in April 1919 and later became a member of Baltimore’s First Russian Branch of the Communist Party. Arrested December 1919, he was deported to Russia February 1, 1921. His wife and child remained in Russia.

Source: INS file 54809/680.

Alexey Nishancoff (a.k.a. Alexis Nischtschkenov; Nischenko)

Born: 1892, Mordovo, Saratov, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer; stock-keeper
Migration: Immigrated to Canada 1912; then to US 1916
Affiliation:

Nishancoff attended radical meetings, purchased radical literature, and sympathized with the Bolsheviks but never officially joined any organization. He worked for the Ford Motor Company in Detroit, which dismissed him for making “Bolshevik and IWW speeches” and turned him over to federal authorities. He was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54649/62; FBI file OG 379194.

David Nordloff

Nordloff’s IWW credentials. National Archives.

Born: 1889, Gävle, Sweden
Nationality: Swedish
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Metalworker
Migration: Migrated to US 1910
Affiliation: IWW

Joined the IWW in 1916 and became a delegate and organizer for its Metal and Machinery Workers’ Industrial Union. Arrested in May 1918 during a raid on IWW members in Seattle, he accepted “voluntary departure” with his wife and four children on June 6, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54379/451; FBI file OG 8000-189115.

Joe Notore (a.k.a. Ioe Notore)

Born: Italy
Nationality: Italian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1914
Affiliation: Anarchist

Belonged to the anarchist Circolo di Studi Sociali in Chicago’s Kensington neighborhood. Arrested May 1918, he was deported December 20, 1919.

Italian authorities were unable to locate or surveil him after his return, and his later activities are unknown.

Sources: INS file 54616/190; CPC busta 3562.

Novenad to Nozevsky

Red Scare Deportees, ,

Frank A. Novenad

Born:
Nationality: Czechoslovakian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration:
Affiliation:

Deported to Czechoslovakia as a radical on May 8, 1920. No further information has been found about his life or activities.

Source: INS file 54325/36G.

Petr Novik (a.k.a. Peter Novick; Nowick)

Born: 1897, Grodno, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Printer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1914
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the URW in New York in 1918. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Source: INS file 54709/119.

Yakim Novik (or Noik)

Born: 1884, Minsk, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Miner
Migration: Migrated to US 1914
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the URW in Fairmont, West Virginia. Arrested December 2, 1919. According to an immigration inspector, he “belongs to the most ignorant peasant type of White Russia…He has not sufficient intelligence, in my judgement, to become a dangerous anarchist but would probably be a blind follower if a leader of ability should arise to point the way. He is not a type of man that is now, or ever will be, of value to this country.” Deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Source: INS file 54709/607.

Ivan Novikov (or Novikoff)

Born: 1882, Rovennki, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Printer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1909
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Worked a a linotype operator for the socialist newspaper Novy Mir and was a prominent figure in the URW in New York. The Bronx apartment he shared with his family and boarders functioned as a meeting place for Russian anarchists. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he became seriously ill while detained at Ellis Island. According to Alexander Berkman, he refused bail until near death so as not to abandon fellow detainees. Deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

During the Buford‘s voyage he was elected to a committee representing the deportees in negotiations with the authorities. In Russia in 1920 he sought a posting that might allow him to reunite with his family abroad. His wife Edith unsuccessfully petitioned to be deported with their children in order to rejoin him. Reports in 1922 suggested he hoped to return illegally to the United States, but he never succeeded. In 1932 he was sentenced to three years in a forced-labor camp in Kudymkar.

Sources: INS file 54709/111; FBI file OG 379190; Alexander Berkman Papers, International Institute for Social History, Amsterdam; Alexander Berkman, The Bolshevik Myth (Diary 1920-1922); G. P. Maximoff, The Guillotine at Work: Twenty Years of Terror in Russia (Data and Documents).

Alexander Noviksichi (a.k.a. Alex Novick)

Born: 1888, Grodno, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: IWW; Union of Russian Workers

Belonged to both the IWW and the URW in Seattle. He was deported to Russia January 22, 1921.

Source: INS file 54860/428.

Peter Novokov (or Novokoff)

Born: 1890, Mogilev, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Miner
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the URW in Monessen, Pennsylvania in September 1918. Arrested during a raid on the Jamison Mine in Downs, West Virginia, during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54709/590; FBI file OG 8000-382461.

Vikenti Nozevsky (a.k.a. Vincent Nozewski)

Born: Russia, year unknown
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration:
Affiliation:

Deported to Russia as a radical on January 22, 1921. No additional information has been located.

Source: INS file 54325/36G.