Tag Archives: Italian

Nabagez to Newlander

Red Scare Deportees, , , , , , , ,

Ivan Nabagez (a.k.a. John; Nabajix; Nabagiz)

Ivan Nabagez, c. 1919. National Archives.

Born: 1894, Minsk, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Migrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the URW in Hartford, Connecticut, in August 1919. Arrested in the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Source: INS file 54709/397

Alexander Nagula

Born: Russia, year unknown
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration:
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Belonged to Russian Branch No. 3 of the Communist Party in Detroit. Arrested during the second Palmer Raids in January 1920, he accepted “voluntary departure” to Russia via Canada on October 16, 1920. No further information has been located.

Source: FBI file BS 202600-1377-1.

Semeon Nakhwat (a.k.a. Samuel Mackway)

Born: 1886, Grodno, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Factory worker
Migration: Migrated to US 1914
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the URW branch in Ansonia, Connecticut, in October 1919. Arrested November 1919, he was deported to Russia January 22, 1921.

Source: INS file 54709/383.

Pasquale Nardini (a.k.a. Bruno Nardini)

Pasquale Nardini with wife Maria, c. 1917. Social War Bulletin, April 1918.

Born: 1882, Fano, Italy
Nationality: Italian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: millworker
Migration: Migrated to US 1910
Affiliation: Anarchist

Migrated to the U.S. in 1910 with his wife Maria (née Frattesi) and their five-year-old son. Both and Maria joned the anarchist Circolo Studi Sociali of Milwaukee. Both arrested in 1917 after an Italian anarchist riot and convicted of “assault with intent to kill and murder,” but their convictions were overturned. Immediately afterward they were detained for deportation. Pasquale was deported July 15, 1920; Maria’s deportation warrant was canceled June 8, 1920.

In 1921 he emigrated from Italy to Canada, where Maria and their child joined him. Maria and their son returned to the US in 1925, and Pasquale followed illegally soon after, now going by the name Bruno Nardini. From their New Haven home he donated funds to New York’s anarchist paper L’Adunata dei Refrattari from 1925 to at least 1937. By 1941 the family was living in Harlem operating a grocery store. Maria became a US citizen in 1945. Pasquale died in 1951.

Sources: INS file 54235/72 (missing); CPC busta 3494; Robert Tanzilo, The Milwaukee Police Station Bomb of 1917; Dean A. Strang, Worse than the Devil: Anarchists, Clarence Darrow, and Justice in a Time of Terror; L’Adunata dei Refrattari.

Anani Nazarchuk (a.k.a. Anni; Andrew; Nazarczuk)

Born: 1892, Volhynia, Russia (present-day Ukraine or Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Migrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Socialist Party of America; Union of Russian Workers

Belonged to the Socialist Party in Bristol, Connecticut, and was also accused—on flimsy evidence—of URW membership. Arrested June 1918 for distributing radical literature and again in November 1919 during the first Palmer Raids, he was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54709/164; FBI file OG 8000-373183.

Andrei Nazaruk (a.k.a. Andrew; Mazaruk; Prisoophick)

Born: 1894, Zabawa, Russia (present-day Poland)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Belarussian
Occupation: Steelworker
Migration: Migrated to US 1914
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Arrested in Newark on December 3, 1919, during the Palmer Raids, accused–based upon flimsy evidence–of belonging to the Union of Russian Workers. He was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Source: INS file 54709/627.

Gavril Nechiporenko (a.k.a. Gabriel)

Born: 1889, Kyiv, Russia (present-day Ukraine)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Migrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

His wiefe remained in Russia when he emigrated. Worked in a foundry at the Ford Motor Company and joined Russian Branch No. 3 of the Communist Party of America in Detroit. Arrested January 1920 and held at Fort Wayne, he was deported to Russia February 26, 1921.

Source: INS file 55110/4.

Mayer Libson Nehring (a.k.a. Myer; Meier; Nearing)

Born: 1892, Warsaw, Russia (present-day Poland)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Jewish
Occupation: Hatmaker; chiropractor; pharmacist
Migration: Migrated to US 1914
Affiliation: Anarchist; IWW

Anarchist and IWW organizer in Cleveland. In February 1919 he was convicted under the Espionage Act for an antiwar speech and sentenced to nineteen years. At his sentencing the judge declared: “I presume that the Russian Bolshevists would welcome you, and Lenine and Trotzky would be glad to see you back in the event that the government should deport you…in the event that the Government does not send you back to Russia I am going to protect America from your activities by sending you the Atlanta penitentiary for 19 years at hard labor.” His sentence was later commuted on condition of deportation, and he was deported February 26, 1921.

Refused entry at Libau because of anarchism, he coauthored An Open Letter to the Russian Premier Lenin and returned to the U.S., where he apparently ceased radical activity. He received an unconditional presidential pardon in September 1930. In 1935 he applied for US citizenship and was denied, but the decision was reversed on appeal.

Sources: INS file 121/2; Pittsburgh Daily Post, February 23, 1919; Freedom (London), May 1921; Free Society (New York), October–November 1921; Ancenstry.com.

Pavel Nestoruk (a.k.a. Paul Nestoruck; Piole Nestium; Prole Nestruk; Nestrum)

Born: 1888, Brest-Litovsk, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Migrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Migrated to the U.S. in 1913 via Canada, while his wife and children remained in Russia. Joined the URW in Bridgeport, Connecticut, in 1919. Arrested in the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Source: INS file 54709/395.

Ivan Nevar (a.k.a. John Newar)

Born: 1885, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Migrated to US 1912
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the URW in Newark in September 1919. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54709/338; FBI file OG 381446.

Carl William Newlander (a.k.a. Karl Wilhelm Nylander)

Born: 1890, Boo, Sweden
Nationality: Swedish
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Migrated to US 1906
Affiliation: Anarchist

Migrated to the U.S. in 1906 to evade military service, he lived in Chicago, San Francisco, and New York. Became an active anarchist and close friend of Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman, collaborating on Mother Earth, The Blast, and the Mother Earth Bulletin, and he ran the Mother Earth Book Shop in New York. Arrested June 29, 1918, for draft evasion and sentenced in January 1919 to 60 days under the Selective Service Act, he was detained upon release and deported April 24, 1919.

In Sweden he settled in Hjortkvarn but was blacklisted in 1920 after a dispute with an employer. He visited Goldman and Berkman in Stockholm in early 1921 and corresponded extensively with Goldman. In 1922 he migrated to Canada with his companion and child. After Goldman moved there in 1927, he reunited with and assisted her, later serving as secretary of Toronto’s Libertarian Group.

Source: INS file 54517/1; Harry Weinberger Papers, Yale University; Freedom (New York), April–May 1919; Emma Goldman Papers, International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam; Paul Avrich and Karen Avrich, Sasha and Emma: The Anarchist Odyssey of Alexander Berkman and Emma Goldman.

Nichiperuck to Notore

Red Scare Deportees, , , , , , ,

Walter Nichiperuck

Born: 1894, Grodno, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Machinist
Migration:
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Served as secretary of the URW branch in Hartford, Connecticut. He was deported to Russia on January 22, 1921.

Source: INS file 54709/529.

José Nicieza

Members of Spanish-speaking Los Corsarios Group, including Nicieza, 1919. National Archives.

Born: 1899, Oviedo, Spain
Nationality: Spanish
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Migrated to Cuba 1914; then to US 1917
Affiliation: Anarchist

Stated that he had held anarchist ideas “since my childhood” and sympathized with anarchism while still in Spain, though he did not become active until emigrating. In New York he joined the anarchist Los Corsarios Group, which published El Corsario. He was one of fourteen members arrested in February 1919 by Secret Service agents on unfounded allegations of a plot to assassinate Woodrow Wilson. All charges were dropped, but several members, including Nicieza, were detained for deportation as anarchists. He was deported to Spain May 4, 1919.

Source: INS file 54616/79.

Frank Nikolaev (or Nikolaeff)

Born: 1884, Russia (somewhere in present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Steelworker
Migration: Migrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the URW in Monessen, Pennsylvania, in 1919. Arrested November 26, 1919, in Greensburg, Pennsylvania, he was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54709/520; FBI file OG 381430.

Paul Nikolajchyk (or Nicholachuk; a.k.a. Paul Nicholas)

Paul Nikolajchyk ‘s Communist Party membership card. National Archives.

Born: c. 1888, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration: Migrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Lived in Newark and belonged to New York’s Russian Branch No. 1 of the Communist Party of America. His wife remained in Russia. He was deported there February 1, 1921.

Source: INS file 54859/217.

Anton Nikolaychuk (a.k.a. Nick; Nikolajchuk)

Nikolaychuk’s Communist Party membership card. National Archives.

Born: c. 1894, Kyiv oblast, Russia (present-day Ukraine)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Migrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Joined the Socialist Party in April 1919 and later became a member of Baltimore’s First Russian Branch of the Communist Party. Arrested December 1919, he was deported to Russia February 1, 1921. His wife and child remained in Russia.

Source: INS file 54809/680.

Alexey Nishancoff (a.k.a. Alexis Nischtschkenov; Nischenko)

Born: 1892, Mordovo, Saratov, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer; stock-keeper
Migration: Immigrated to Canada 1912; then to US 1916
Affiliation:

Nishancoff attended radical meetings, purchased radical literature, and sympathized with the Bolsheviks but never officially joined any organization. He worked for the Ford Motor Company in Detroit, which dismissed him for making “Bolshevik and IWW speeches” and turned him over to federal authorities. He was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54649/62; FBI file OG 379194.

David Nordloff

Nordloff’s IWW credentials. National Archives.

Born: 1889, Gävle, Sweden
Nationality: Swedish
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Metalworker
Migration: Migrated to US 1910
Affiliation: IWW

Joined the IWW in 1916 and became a delegate and organizer for its Metal and Machinery Workers’ Industrial Union. Arrested in May 1918 during a raid on IWW members in Seattle, he accepted “voluntary departure” with his wife and four children on June 6, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54379/451; FBI file OG 8000-189115.

Joe Notore (a.k.a. Ioe Notore)

Born: Italy
Nationality: Italian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1914
Affiliation: Anarchist

Belonged to the anarchist Circolo di Studi Sociali in Chicago’s Kensington neighborhood. Arrested May 1918, he was deported December 20, 1919.

Italian authorities were unable to locate or surveil him after his return, and his later activities are unknown.

Sources: INS file 54616/190; CPC busta 3562.

Paredes García to Penske

Red Scare Deportees, , , , , , , ,

Eduardo Paredes García

Born: 1895, A Coruña, Spain
Nationality: Spanish
Ethnicity: Galician
Occupation: Sailor; bookkeeper
Migration: Immigrated to US 1916
Affiliation: IWW; anarchist

Emigrated Cuba and then, in 1916, to the United States. An anarchist, he joined the Industrial Workers of the World’s Marine Transport Workers in 1917 and edited the IWW newspaper Defensa Obrera. During the federal IWW trial, he served as an assistant to the IWW’s attorney, George Vanderveer. He was also a member of Philadelphia’s anarchist Pro-Prensa group. Arrested in Philadelphia, he was deported to Spain on December 20, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54648/28; Peter Cole, Wobblies on the Waterfront: Interracial Unionism in Progressive-Era Philadelphia.

Luigi Parenti

Luigi Parenti in 1918. National Archives.
Luigi Parenti in 1922. Archivio dello Stato, Italy.

Born: 1887, Calcinaia, Italy
Nationality: Italian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer; union organizer; journalist
Migration: Immigrated to US 1910
Affiliation: IWW; anarchist

Initially a Christian democrat and completed two years of seminary study in Lucca before abandoning religious training, marrying, and assisting an Italian streetcar drivers’ strike.

He emigrated to the United States with his wife Maria in 1910 and soon became an anarchist, joining the Industrial Workers of the World in San Francisco in 1911. He became a lecturer and organizer for the IWW and was arrested several times for leading strikes and demonstrations. Italian consular authorities described him as “one of the most dangerous propagandists in the anarchist movement across the United States,” calling him “taciturn in character, educated, intelligent, [and] cultured.” A defendant in the mass IWW trial of 1917–1918, he was sentenced to five years’ imprisonment and a $30,000 fine. From September 1917 to June 1919 he was denied permission to communicate with his wife and three daughters, one of whom was born while he was incarcerated. Released on bail pending appeal, he worked as an organizer for an independent Italian fishermen’s union in San Francisco and later as a correspondent for La Voce del Popolo. After losing his appeal in May 1921, he reentered prison, but in 1922 his sentence was commuted on condition of deportation. He “voluntarily departed” with his family on October 26, 1922.

Back in Italy, he settled in Lucca, joined the syndicalist Unione Sindacale Italiana, and attended its illegal 1926 convention. He later withdrew from overt radical activity and worked for a Fascist state-created union and as a reporter. Official reports alternately described him as obedient to Fascist directives (1929), secretly receiving radical publications from the United States (1930), and again demonstrating “good moral and political conduct” aligned with the regime (1932). The true nature of his political beliefs in these years is unclear. Died in 1961.

Sources: INS file 54235/61; CPC busta 3732; Industrial Workers of the World Collection, Walter P. Reuther Library; Kenyon Zimmer, Immigrants Against the State: Yiddish and Italian Anarchism in America.

Feodor Pasiuk (a.k.a. Theodor, Paschuk)

Born: c. 1880, Grodno, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

His wife and child remained in Russia when he emigrated. Became a member of Detroit’s Russian Branch No. 3 of the Communist Party of America. Arrested January 4, 1920, he was deported to Russia on March 18, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54859/967.

Lev Paskevich (a.k.a. Levi Paskevick; Paskovich)

Born: c. 1889, Grodno, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Ship rigger
Migration: Migrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Joined the Socialist Party of America and later Philadelphia’s First Branch of the Communist Party of America. Arrested January 7, 1920, he was deported to Russia on February 1, 1921 aboard the SS Estonia.

Sources: INS file 54859/134; Philadelphia Enquirer, February 1, 1921.

John Paskvalick (or Pashvalisk)

Born: Austria-Hungary, year unknown
Nationality: Austrian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration: M
Affiliation:

Deported to Austria as a radical on June 19, 1920. No further information has been found.

Sources: INS file 54325/36G.

George Pasukow

Born: Russia, year unknown
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration: M
Affiliation:

Deported to Russia as a radical on October 17, 1920. No further information has been found.

Sources: INS file 54325/36G.

Peter Pavlas (a.k.a. Pete Pawlas)

Born: 1885, Warsaw, Russia (present-day Poland)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Czech
Occupation: Machinist; laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1917
Affiliation: Socialist Party of America

The child of Czech (“Bohemian”) immigrants in Russia, he returned with his parents to Bohemia in 1894. In he 1909 migrated to Argentina; then to Mexico in 1915.

Entered the United States in 1917 without inspection as a contract laborer to work in a sugar factory near San Francisco. An immigration agent described him as “a peculiar character, being somewhat of a ‘globe trotter’, and a student of Esperanto…He is believed to be more intelligent than he would represent.” Arrested in Cleveland on January 31, 1919 while distributing Socialist Party literature and was reportedly in poor health while detained at Ellis Island. Because Socialist Party membership was not a deportable offense, authorities acknowledged they could not substantiate anarchism charges, but he was nevertheless deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919 on the grounds that he had entered the country without inspection and was “likely to become a public charge.”

Sources: INS file 54616/16.

Artemy Pavluk (or Pauluk; Paulik)

Born: 1885, Kamianets-Podilskyi, Russia (present-day Ukraine)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Miner
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

He served four years in the Russian Army before emigrating.

Drafted into the U.S. Army, he served six months at Camp Lee and Camp Shelby before being discharged. Became secretary of the Union of Russian Workers branch at the Dakota Mine in Fairmont, West Virginia. Arrested December 2, 1919, he was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54709/605.

Josef Penske (a.k.a. Joseph Penski)

Born: 1886, Grodno, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Polish
Occupation: Autoworker
Migration: Immigrated to US 1912
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Worked as an autoworker while living in Hamtramck, Michigan. He joined the Socialist Party of America in 1914 and later the Communist Party. Arrested in January 1920, he “voluntarily departed” to Russia on October 16, 1920.

Sources: INS file 54859/541.

Perkus to Petruccioli

Red Scare Deportees, , , , , ,

Hyman Perkus (a.k.a. Khaym Perkus; Nikofor Perkus)

Hyman Perkus, 1919. National Archives.

Born: 1888, Riga, Russia (present-day Latvia)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Jewish
Occupation: Carpenter; editor
Migration: Immigrated to US 1915
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

A Social Democrat in Russia before emigrating to Paris in 1912, he then immigrated to the United States in 1915.

In America he became an anarchist and joined the Union of Russian Workers in Cleveland in 1916, later transferring to the organization’s First Branch in New York. He was also a member of the Anarchist Red Cross and the partner of fellow URW member and ddeportee Dora Lipkin. Became national secretary of the URW and succeeded Peter Bianki as editor of its newspaper Khleb i Volia. During questioning, he delared: “Why did I become an anarchist? I have suffered from injustices and oppression and have seen that the people in general also suffer from injustices and oppression.” He also stated, “I think the only way is to use the same methods that the United States people used against England in 1776 when the United States people got their freedom…You know what they did.” Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919 and deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

In Russia he became a “Soviet anarchist” who critically supported the Communist dictatorship as a temporary necessity, and in 1921 he founded the Union of Russian Anarchist Workers Repatriated from America. In February 1921 he spoke at the funeral of Peter Kropotkin, upsetting many present by mentioning and criticizing Kropotkin’s wartime support for the Allies. In March 1921 he joined Berkman and Emma Goldman in an unsuccessful attempt to mediate between the Red Army and the Kronstadt sailors. Arrested several times after the uprising, he later studied at the Moscow Institute of Journalism, and by 1930 had joined the Communist Party. He was killed at an unknown date during Stalin’s purges.

Sources: INS file 54709/116; Victor Serge, Anarchists Never Surrender: Essays, Polemics, and Correspondence on Anarchism, 1908–1938; Alexander Berkman Papers, International Institute for Social History, Amsterdam; The J. Abrams Book: The Life and Work of an Exceptional Personality, trans. Ruth Murphy, ed. Brian Moen; Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America.

Filippo Perrone (a.k.a. Vincenzo Lentini)

Filippo Perrone, c. 1922. Archivio Centrale dello Stato, Italy.

Born: 1881, Agrigento (Sicily), Italy
Nationality: Italian
Ethnicity: .
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Migrated to US 1901
Affiliation: Anarchist

Lived in Tampa, New York, Chicago, and Milwaukee. Closely associated with Luigi Galleani’s newspaper Cronaca Sovversiva, he joined a group of Italian anarchists who in 1911 participated with the Partido Liberal Mexicano in Tijuana during the opening phase of the Mexican Revolution, but he soon became disillusioned and returned to the United States, where he openly criticized both the PLM and the revolution. On September 25, 1911 he was arrested in San Francisco after he “spoke disparagingly about the American flag, condemned law and order, denounced all forms of government and ended with a tirade against the Pope”; the case sparked a successful free speech fight supported by anarchists and IWW members, and charges were dropped. Around 1922 he was arrested again in Seattle and deported on August 8, 1922.

In 1923 he was arrested in Ventimiglia while attempting clandestine emigration. The following year he illegally emigrated to France and then to the United States under the alias Vincenzo Lentini, and remained active in the Italian-American anarchist movement. After World War II he was deported again and died shortly thereafter in Sicily.

Sources: CPC busta 3875; Michele Presutto, La rivoluzione dietro l’angolo gli anarchici italiani e la rivoluzione messicana, 1910-1914; Kenyon Zimmer, Immigrants Against the State: Yiddish and Italian Anarchism in America; Un trentennio di attività anarchica (1915-1945).

Pietro Giovanni Perruchon (a.k.a. Ursus)

Pietro Perruchon, 1918. National Archives.
Pietro Perruchon in the year following his deportation. Archivio Centrale dello Stato, Italy.

Born: 1885, Arnaz (Aosta), Italy
Nationality: Italian
Ethnicity: .
Occupation: Miner
Migration: Migrated to US 1907
Affiliation: Anarchist; IWW

Migrated to the United States in 1907, returning to Italy in 1910 before coming back to the U.S. in 1911. His wife Maria Rosa Joly joined him in 1912, and their daughter Lotta was born in 1914. Worked as a miner in Colorado and Arizona and became an anarchist before his second migration. He distributed literature and correspondence for Galleani’s Cronaca Sovversiva, published a militant antiwar article in La Questione Sociale in 1915, and belonged to the IWW’s Metal Mine Workers Industrial Union. Participated in the IWW’s 1917 miners’ strike in Globe and Miami, Arizona. Arrested March 26, 1918 in Globe for distributing radical literature and was convicted under the Espionage Act at a Tucson trial in May 1918 after a jury deliberation lasting only ninety seconds. Sentenced to two years in Leavenworth, he was detained for deportation after release and denied permission to visit his wife and daughter before removal. Deported March 27, 1920.

Back in Italy he founded the Gruppo di emancipazione in 1920 and was sentenced to five days in prison that June for violating Article 19 of the criminal code. Subscribed to Carlo Tresca’s Il Martello and Errico Malatesta’s Pensiero e Volontà. Arrested in April 1921 on suspicion of involvement in the La Diana Theater bombing, he was released in June. Migrated to France for work in 1923, returned to Italy in 1924, and went back to France in 1925, working as a chauffeur in Paris, where his adult daughter joined him. Italian authorities described him as having “demonstrated a specific tendency toward terroristic action.” In 1937 he briefly returned to Italy to claim an inheritance, was arrested, claimed to have abandoned radicalism, and was released. He spent his remaining decades in France, corresponding with Italian anarchists in the United States until his death there in 1967.

Sources: INS file 54379/192; CPC busta 3877; Cronaca Sovversiva; Harry Weinberger Papers, Yale University; http://www.bfscollezionidigitali.org/entita/14402-perruchon-giovanni-pietro/; Il Fondo L’Adunata Collection, Boston Public Library; L’Adunata dei Refrattari, October 14, 1967.

Paraliett Kutzman Petcoff (a.k.a. Kuzman; Huzman)

Born: 1887, Bulgaria.
Nationality: Bulgarian.
Ethnicity: .
Occupation: Laborer.
Migration: Migrated to Canada 1910; migrated to US 1917.
Affiliation: IWW.

Paraliett Kutzman Petcoff was born in Bulgaria in 1887. He migrated to Canada in 1910, where a workplace accident caused the loss of sight in one eye, and then migrated to the United States in 1917. In March 1919 he joined the IWW’s Metal Mine Workers Industrial Union No. 800. Arrested June 11, 1919 in Cleveland, he claimed to come from a wealthy Bulgarian family, but immigration authorities concluded that although anarchist charges were unproven, he had been likely to become a public charge at entry. He was deported January 22, 1920.

Sources: INS file 54616/220.

Born 1887, Bulgaria. Laborer. 1910 migrated to Canada. Lost the sight in one eye due to workplace accident. Migrated to US 1917. Joined the IWW’s Metal Mine Workers Industrial Union no. 800 in March 1919. Arrested June 11, 1919 in Cleveland. Claimed to be from a wealthy family in Bulgaria, but immigration authorities concluded, “While the Bureau is unable to find that any of the anarchistic charges contained in the warrant are substantiated, it is of the opinion that the alien was a person likely to become a public charge at the time of entry.” Deported January 22, 1920.

INS file 54616/220

José Petit y Fernández (a.k.a. Casimiro Petit Fernández; Jesus Sánchez)

José Petit y Fernández, 1919. The Tampa Times, June 20, 1919.

Born: 1879, Oviedo, Spain
Nationality: Spanish
Ethnicity: .
Occupation: Cigar worker
Migration: Immigrated to US c. 1914
Affiliation: Anarchist

An anarchist, he immigrated to the United States around 1914 and married Maria Alvarez in Tampa that January. Around 1917 he returned alone to Spain, then reentered the United States on November 19, 1918 to rejoin his wife and three children (and avoid military service in Spain). In February 1919 he was arrested for fraudulently using his deceased brother’s passport to enter the country . A Bureau of Investigation agent described him “too ignorant to take any initiative in anarchistic and Bolsheviki propaganda or plots but he is a dangerous man to be at large to be used as a tool for those who have the initiative.” Deported to Cuba with his family on June 22, 1919.

He was reportedly still living in Cuba in 1946.

Sources: FBI file OG 335078; Tampa Times, April 24 and June 20, 1919; Tampa Tribune, February 1, 1914, February 5 and June 24, 1919, and May 21, 1946.

Konstantin Petrashka (a.k.a. Kontatin Petrosham; Kostativ Petroshak)

Born: 1898, Stanki, Russia (present-day Poland)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Millworker
Migration: Immigrated to US 1914
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the Union of Russian Workers branch in New London, Connecticut, in July 1919 and became its secretary. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54709/528; FBI file OG 8000-382590.

Settimio Petruccioli

Settimio Petruccioli. Archivio Centrale dello Stato, Italy.

Born: 1888, Bevagna, Italy
Nationality: Italian
Ethnicity: .
Occupation: Laborer; barber
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Anarchist

Belonged to the anarchist Circolo di Studi Sociali in Kensington, Illinois, and supported Galleani’s Cronaca Sovversiva. Arrested in June 1919, he was deported on December 20, 1919.

In February 1920 he emigrated to Canada, and he may have illegally returned to the U.S. sometime before the Second World War.

Sources: INS file 54616/215; CPC busta 3912; Ancestry.com.

Reid to Rivera

Red Scare Deportees, , , , , , , , , ,

Patrick Reid (a.k.a. Larry; Jimmy; Billy; Matt)

Born: 1871, Derry, Ireland
Nationality: British
Ethnicity: Ulster-Scots
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US c. 1890s
Affiliation: IWW

Worked as an itinerant laborer throughout the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Arrested in Centralia, Washington, in November 1919, he stated he was “ashamed to say” that he was not a dues-paying member of the IWW due to lack of funds, though he supported its ideology and declared that the only government he supported was that of Soviet Russia. Deported April 2, 1920.

Sources: INS file 54709/581; FBI file OG 378240.

Dimitry Remar

Born: 1896, Podolsk, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to Canada 1915; then to US 1918
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Became a member of Detroit’s Russian Branch No. 5 of the Communist Party. Arrested January 1920 and deported to Russia March 18, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54859/796.

Benjamin Repsys (or Repshys)

Born: 1894, Kovno, Russia (present-day Lithuania)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Lithuanian
Occupation: Autoworker
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Worked for the Ford Motor Company and in 1918 joined Detroit’s Branch No. 116 of the Lithuanian Socialist Federation, later transferring into the Communist Party. Arrested November 15, 1919, for receiving radical literature but released. Arrested again in January 1920 and deported to Russia March 18, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54859/658.

Manuel Rey y García (a.k.a. Louis G. Raymond)

Manuel Rey y García, 1918. National Archives.

Born: 1888, Castrofoya, Spain
Nationality: Spanish
Ethnicity: Galician
Occupation: Sailor; union organizer; house painter
Migration: Immigrated to US 1914
Affiliation: IWW

His father was killed in the Cuban War of Independence. Emigrated to Cuba in 1905; from 1909 to 1914 he worked as sailor throughout Atlantic.

Entered the United States without inspection in 1914. An anarchist, he joined the IWW around that same year and became secretary of its Marine Transport Workers Industrial Union in Philadelphia; in April 1917 he moved to Niagara Falls, New York, where he was elected secretary of the local IWW organization. Arrested three times within six months for failure to register for the draft and for antiwar speeches, he was a defendant in the 1917–1918 mass IWW trial in Chicago and was sentenced to twenty years and a $20,000 fine. While imprisoned he corresponded with anarchist Lilly Sarnoff, who became his lifelong companion. His sentence was commuted in December 1922 on condition of deportation, and he was deported to Spain March 22, 1923.

He illegally returned to the United States, was deported again in 1926, and returned once more under the name “Louis G. Raymond.” He continued to be active in the anarchist movemint, living in the Stelton, New Jersey anarchist community and coediting the newspaper Freedom (1933–1934). He died in New York in 1990 at age 101.

Sources: INS file 54297/18; FBI file OG 8000-160053′ Industrial Workers of the World Collection, Walter P. Reuther Library, Wayne State University; Peter Cole, Wobblies on the Waterfront: Interracial Unionism in Progressive-Era Philadelphia; Bieito Alonso, “Spanish Anarchists and Maritime Workers in the IWW,” in Wobblies of the World: A Global History of the IWW; Bieito Alonso, Anarquistas galegos en América; Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America.

Federico Ricci

Federico Ricci, c. 1920. Archivio Centrale dello Stato, Italy.

Born: 1887, Cesenatico, Italy
Nationality: Italian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Shoemaker
Migration: Immigrated to US 1905
Affiliation: Anarchist

Originally a socialist in Italy, he became an anarchist in the U.S. around 1910. Returned to Italy from 1911 to 1913. Arrested in Haverhill, Massachusetts, in January 1918 for failure to register for the draft, he was sentenced to a year in prison and declared, “I do not believe in any form of government, because the people have no liberty.” Deported May 22, 1919.

In 1920 he was arrested in Naples for desertion but released on probation. He returned to Cesenatico, where authorities reported he lived a solitary life. Emigrated to France in 1925 and returned to Italy in 1929, remaining under surveillance until 1941, though no further radical activity was noted.

Sources: INS files 54379/2 and 54379/3; CPC busta 4302.

Augusto Rigoni

Augusto Rigoni, c. 1920. Archivio Central dello Stato, Italy.

Born: 1893, Afiago (Vicenza), Italy
Nationality: Italian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration:
Affiliation: Anarchist

Not politically radical in Italy, in the United States he joined the anarchist Circolo Studi Sociali in Kensington, Illinois, and supported Luigi Galleani’s Cronaca Sovversiva. He was deported December 20, 1919.

After returning to Italy, authorities reported he initially showed sympathy with socialism but withdrew from politics, married, had children, and devoted himself to farming with his brothers. In 1932 he developed symptoms described as “mental alienation” and was confined to a provincial psychiatric hospital in Vicenza, where he died that same year.

Sources: CPC busta 4329; Cronaca Sovversiva, July 15, 1916.

Thomas Rimmer

Born: 1886, England
Nationality: British
Ethnicity: English
Occupation: Sailor; miner
Migration: Immigrated to Canada 1912; then to US 1914
Affiliation: IWW

Emigrated to Canada in 1912, and from there entered the United States in 1914 without inspection. Radicalized in the U.S., he joined the Socialist Party of America and the Western Federation of Miners, then became an IWW member around. Helped organize the 1917 miners’ strike in Butte, Montana, served on the strikers’ publicity committee, and spoke at the funeral of organizer Frank Little. In 1918 he became an IWW delegate. Arrested May 6, 1918, during a police raid on an IWW hall in Seattle, he befriended fellow deportee Moses Baritz, beginning a lifelong political and personal friendship. Deported February 27, 1919, as a person deemed likely to become a public charge.

In Liverpool he joined the Merseyside IWW branch. In 1921 he joined the Socialist Party of Great Britain, and that was believed to travel frequently between England and Canada. After a lapse he rejoined the SPGB in 1933. He died in 1952.

Sources: INS file 54379/417; The Butte Miner, July 11 and July 29, 1917; San Francisco Examiner, August 6, 1917; Socialist Review (London), February 1, 1959; http://socialiststandardmyspace.blogspot.com/2014/09/death-of-moses-baritz.html.

Louis Ristick

Born: 1896, Volynia, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Machinist
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Worked for the Singer Sewing Machine Company in Elizabeth, New Jersey, and joined the Union of Russian Workers in 1919. Arrested in New York during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54709/457.

Librado Rivera

Librado Rivera, c. 1910s. Wikimedia Commons.
Librado Rivera, c. 1930.

Born: 1864, Rayón, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
Nationality: Mexican
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1905
Affiliation: Partido Liberal Mexicano

In Mexico, became a teacher in 1888 and in 1900 cofounded a liberal political group in San Luis Potosí opposing Catholic influence on the government. Arrested in 1902 for political activities, he served a year in prison. In 1903 he collaborated with Ricardo Flores Magón and others on El hijo del Ahuizote and was arrested for “ridiculing public officials.”

After migrating to the United States in 1905, he cofounded the Partido Liberal Mexicano and soon adopted anarchism. Arrested in St. Louis in 1906, the US government attempted unsuccessfully to extradite him to Mexico. In 1907 he moved to Los Angeles, where he and other PLM leaders were arrested without warrants by private detectives acting for the Mexican government and convicted of violating US neutrality laws, though later released. In 1910 he became a founding editor of Regeneración. Arrested again in 1911 for neutrality violations related to organizing PLM fighters for the Mexican Revolution, he was imprisoned until 1914. In 1918 he was convicted under the Espionage Act for material published in Regeneración and sentenced to fifteen years. In 1920 he was transferred from McNeil Island to Leavenworth Penitentiary. His sentence was commuted in 1923 on condition of deportation to Mexico.

Back in Mexico he declined government posts offered in San Luis Potosí and continued publishing anarchist newspapers and supporting anarcho-syndicalist unionxsin Tampico, for which he was arrested repeatedly. He died in 1932 after being struck by a car in Mexico City.

Sources: Librado Rivera, ¡Viva Tierra y Libertad!; Alicia Perez Salazar, Librado Rivera, un soñador en llamas; Aurora Mónica Alcayaga Sasso, “Librado Rivera y los hermanos rojos en el movimiento social y cultural anarquista en Villa Cecilia y Tampico, Tamaulipas, 1915-1931” (PhD diss., Universidad Iberoamericano); http://www.libradorivera.com/; http://www.antorcha.net/biblioteca_virtual/politica/viva_tierra/libradoindice.html.

Roznuk to Saccaro

Red Scare Deportees, , , , ,

Demian Roznuk (a.k.a. Rozenok; Demetri Rosicok; Demyan Rogeanok)

Born: 1887, Chernihiv Oblast, Russia (present-day Ukraine)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Steelworker
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

His wife remained in Russia when he emigrated. Worked for Republic Iron and Steel and was on strike at the time of his arrest. Around 1919 he joined the Union of Russian Workers in Youngstown, Ohio. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he was deported on the Buford December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54709/186.

Axel Rudolph

Born:
Nationality:
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration:
Affiliation: IWW

An IWW member deported October 31, 1919. No further information has been found.

Sources: One Big Union Monthly, March 1920.

John C. Ruggieri (a.k.a. John C. Rogers)

Born: 1892, Rosario, Argentina
Nationality: Argentine
Ethnicity: Italian
Occupation: Bootblack; laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1906
Affiliation: IWW

Born in Argentina to Italian parents.

Immigrated to the U.S. in 1906 at the age of 14. Arrested in a raid on a San Francisco IWW hall in 1918, he denied IWW membership but acknowledged agreeing with the organization’s philosophy. On August 21, 1918, he was permitted to “reship foreign” as a sailor to Chile rather be formally deported.

Sources: INS file 54235/58.

Boris Trofinov Rusak (a.k.a. Boris Tropinav or Tropinow)

Born: c. 1895, Kryvičy, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Married his wife Efrosnia in 1914 after arriving in the U.S. the previous year, and their daughter Nadia was born in 1917. In February 1919 he joined the Union of Russian Workers in Norwich, Connecticut. Arrested February 1920, he was deported to Russia January 22, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54861/278.

Ivan Kalenikov Rusak (a.k.a. John Rusak)

Born: c. 1891, Kryvičy, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Textile worker
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

He was employed at Yantic Woolen Mills and belonged to the Norwich, Connecticut branch of the Union of Russian Workers. Arrested January 20, 1920, in Yantic, he was deported January 22, 1921, aboard the SS Stockholm.

Sources: INS file 54861/56.

Giuseppe Russo (a.k.a. Joe Russo; L’Unico; Augustus Antonio Leon)

Joe Russo, 1921. Archivio Centrale dello Stato, Italy.

Born: 1873, either on a ship in the Atlantic Ocean or in Chiaravelle, Italy
Nationality: Italian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Miner; metalworker
Migration: Immigrated to US 1897
Affiliation: Anarchist

An “anarchist without adjectives” who claimed to have been born at sea and therefore nationless, he was influenced by Max Stirner and Luigi Galleani and contributed to Cronaca Sovversiva. He lived in Tunisia, where he was imprisoned, and reportedly traveled to Asia Minor and the Balkans.

Immigrating to the United States in 1896. In 1911 he briefly joined the military forces of the Partido Liberal Mexicano in Tijuana but soon became disillusioned with the Mexican Revolution and returned to the U.S. Arrested in Lovelock, Nevada, he was deported to Italy October 1921.

He remained active in radical politics in Italy, where he was repeatedly arrested for antifascist activity. He helped smuggle antifascists out of Italy and recruited volunteers for the Spanish Civil War. Arrested again in 1937, he was confined to Ponza and Tremiti. Freed in 1943, he distributed the underground anarchist paper Era Nuova in Turin. He died in 1957.

Sources: CPC busta 4499; Maurizio Antonioli et al., eds., Dizionario biografico degli anarchici italiani.

Rustemann (first name unknown)

Born:
Nationality: German
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration:
Affiliation: IWW

An IWW member who was interned as an “aline enemy” at Fort Douglas, Utah, and later “voluntarily departed” to Germany. No further information has been found.

Sources: One Big Union Monthly, March 1920.

Daniel Ryzhukov (or Ryzoukov; Ryoukov; a.k.a. Rice; Reisch)

Born: 1885, Tolkova (Grodno), Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1909
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

In 1912 he married fellow anarchist Anastasia Ryzhukova in Newark. He joined the Union of Russian Workers there in 1919. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he declared his distrust of all governments, including that of the United States. He was deported on the Buford on December 21, 1919, while his wife and child remained in Newark.

In 1921 he signed a manifesto of the Union of Russian Anarchist Workers Repatriated from America, which critically supported the Bolshevik regime as a temporary necessity. His wife meanwhile became severely ill and died in Newark in 1924.

Sources: INS file 54709/340; Amerikanskiye Izvestiya, August 6, 1924 (thanks to Malcolm Archibald); Victor Serge, Anarchists Never Surrender: Essays, Polemics, and Correspondence on Anarchism, 1908–1938.

Ivan Sabshuk

Born:
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration:
Affiliation:

Deported to Russia as a radical on February 1, 1921. No further information has been found.

Sources: INS file 54325/36G.

Cesare Saccaro (a.k.a. Caesar; Frank)

Cesare Saccaro, 1937. Border Cities Star, April 5, 1937.

Born: 1885, Arsiè, Italy
Nationality: Italian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Miner
Migration: Immigrated to US 1903
Affiliation: Anarchist

In Italy he displayed “good moral conduct,” according to the Italian government, and from ages 11-18 enrolled in “a school in Verona to prepare for a monastic life.”

In 1903 he joined his father Antonio in Spring Valley, Illinois, to work in the mines and became an anarchist around 1910, sending money to anarchist newspapers in Italy. He returned to Italy in 1913 to marry Giovanna Faoro; the couple then settled again in Spring Valley, where they had a daughter in 1915. He was deported to Italy March 16, 1921.

Givoanna rejoined him in Italy, where she gave birth a son in Arsiè. In 1923 Cesare emigrated to Canada, “under threatening fascist persecutions.” His family rejoined him in Windsor, where another son was born around 1927. There he helped organize the antifascist Circolo di Coltura Operaia in 1933 and wrote for the Toronto antifascist paper Il Lavoratore. In 1936 he also published an antifascist letter in the Border Cities Star. Italian authorities still considered him an active antifascist and radical in 1945. He later illegally resettled with his family in the United States and died in Dearborn, Michigan, on May 27, 1979.

Sources: INS file 54885/17; FBI file OG 379633; CPC busta 4513; Ancestry.com.

Sanchini to Sarvas

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Giobbe Sanchini

Giobbe Sanchini. Archivio Centrale dello Stato, Italy.

Born: 1887, Sant’Angelo in Lizzola, Italy
Nationality: Italian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Mason
Migration: Immigrated to US 1911
Affiliation: Anarchist

Became an anarchist in his youth and migrated to Switzerland in 1902, returning to Italy in 1906.

In 1911 he emigrated to New Britain, Connecticut, where he joined the circle around Galleani and distributed the paper Cronaca Sovversiva. In 1913 he married fellow anarchist Irma Cassolino. First arrested on September 8, 1917, after organizing a defense fund for Galleani; although that warrant was canceled, he was rearrested May 16, 1918. When asked why he should not be deported, he responded: “My reasons are as follows: That every person has the right to live wherever he desires without being molested in a state that is called [a] democracy and, when a state ceases to be democratic it then embodies the term ‘tyranny’ and in that case we no longer enjoy liberty.” Deported June 24, 1919, together with his pregnant wife and their American-born children.

Upon return to Italy he was immediately imprisoned for evading military service, though the charges were dropped in 1922. He joined an anarchist group in Pesaro and published the anarchist newspaper La Frusta there and later in Fano, from 1919 to 1922. After Irma died in childbirth in 1925, he sent their children back to the United States in 1926 but was never able to reunite with them. He remained under police surveillance until 1942. During the 1930s he reportedly worked as a pasta-factory supervisor, bricklayer, and public-works supervisor, and he remarried in 1933. Fascist authorities reported no subversive activity on his part and even claimed he showed “a favorable attitude towards the regime,” though other reports and family testimony stated that he always remained committed to anarchism. After the fall of Fascism he attempted to revive La Frusta in 1946 and he stayed in contact with Italian anarchists in America until his death in Pesaro in December 1951.

Sources: INS file 54235/52; CPC busta 4562; Maurizio Antonioli et al., Dizionario biografico degli anarchici italiani; Paul Avrich, Sacco and Vanzetti: The Anarchist Background; Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America; Richard Lenzi, Facing Toward the Dawn: The Italian Anarchists of New London; La Frusta; Edoardo Puglielli, Il movimento anarchico abruzzese 1907–1957; Il Fondo L’Adunata Collection, Boston Public Library; Ugo Fedeli Papers, International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam.

Irma Sanchini (née Cassolino)

https://www.estelnegre.org/documents/sanchini/sanchini.html

Born: 1895, Tonco, Piedmont, Italy
Nationality: Italian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Housewife
Migration: Immigrated to US 1907
Affiliation: Anarchist

Migrated to the United States with her father and settled in New Britain, Connecticut, where she became associated with Luigi Galleani’s anarchist circle and distributed Cronaca Sovversiva. Married Giobbe Sanchini in 1913. Arrested September 8, 1917 for helping to organize a defense fund for Galleani, she was released when the warrant was canceled but rearrested May 16, 1918. Some newspapers dubbed her the “Queen of the Anarchists,” and the district attorney hyperbolically claimed she “accomplished untold mischief in the period that she has resided in Connecticut. She is highly intelligent, very resourceful, and is considered to be much more dangerous than her husband.” Asked by an immigration agent what she thought an anarchist was, she replied, “a good man.” Deported June 24, 1919 with her husband and children.

Reportedly suffering from tuberculosis at the time of her deportation, she died in childbirth in 1925.

Sources: INS file 54235/52; Boston Globe, June 20, 1919; Paul Avrich, Sacco and Vanzetti: The Anarchist Background; Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America; Richard Lenzi, Facing Toward the Dawn: The Italian Anarchists of New London.

Ivan Sanko (a.k.a. Iwan; Evan; Sinko; Sankio)

Born: 1896, Minsk region, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1912
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

In January 1918 he joined the Youngstown, Ohio branch of the Union of Russian Workers, soon becoming its secretary. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he explained to authorities, “I read a great many Anarchistic books which put me in the notion of joining this Union,” and he did “not care for the Bolsheviks.” He was deported aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54709/184.

Plácido Santamaría

Members of Spanish-speaking Los Corsarios Group, including Plácido Santamaría, 1919. National Archives.

Born: 1890, Burgos, Spain
Nationality: Spanish
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Gunsmith; laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1916
Affiliation: Anarchist

A foundling raised in an orphanage, he helped found Los Desamparados, a youth anarchist group in Eibar, Spain, in 1912. Emigrating to Scotland and Wales in 1914.

After immigrating to the U.S. 1916 he joined the anarchist Los Corsarios Group in New York. In February 1919 he was among fourteen members arrested by the United States Secret Service on baseless allegations of plotting to assassinate Woodrow Wilson. Although all charges were dropped, he was one of several members held for deportation as anarchists and he was deported to England (his port of departure to the U.S.) on July 5, 1919.

In 1931 he donated money to the Mexican anarchist paper ¡Paso! published by Librado Rivera.

Sources: INS file 54616/79; Tierra y Libertad (Barcelona), December 11, 1912; ¡Paso! (Mexico City), July 1, 1931.

Turibbio Santarelli (a.k.a. Giuseppe or Joseph Santarelli; Joseph Galligari)

Born: 1899, Fano, Italy
Nationality: Italian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Mechanic; laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1911
Affiliation: Socialist Party of America

Immigrated to the United States with his parents and joined the Socialist Party of America in Buffalo in 1916. That same year, after coworkers insulted him with anti-socialist and ethnic slurs, he allegedly replied that President Wilson “should be shot,” or “Somebody ought to kill him.” Arrested at age sixteen and interrogated by the Secret Service, he was released on bail. Rearrested in 1919 under new immigration laws for “advocating or teaching the assassination of public officials.” Confidential informants also accused him—implausibly and inconsistently—of being secretary of an anarchist group called the Roma Club, praising the Kaiser, plotting sabotage with a German agent, making or receiving a bomb, and having ties to the Black Hand. Deported to Italy December 14, 1919.

He migrated to Canada in 1920 and for years petitioned unsuccessfully to return to the United States. In 1926 he married Constance Yuraities in York, Ontario. In the 1930s, after his parents died, he subscribed to the American anarchist newspaper L’Adunata dei Refrattari.

Sources: INS file 54235/91; CPC busta 4582; L’Adunata dei Refrattari (New York).

Alex Sarchkoff (a.k.a. Savcakoff)

Born: 1886, Mogliev, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Machinist
Migration: Immigrated to US 1912
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Lived in Detroit with his wife Catherine. In November 1919 he joined Detroit’s Russian Branch No. 1 of the Communist Party. Arrested in January 1920 during the second round of Palmer Raids, he “voluntarily departed” for Russia via Canada on October 30, 1920.

Sources: INS file 54859/671.

Ivan Sarvas (a.k.a. John)

Born: Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration:
Affiliation:

Deported to Russia as a radical on November 17, 1920. No further information has been found.

Sources: INS file 54325/36G.

Sastre y García to Scali

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Manuel Sastre y García

Los Angeles Times, February 23, 1919.

Born: c. 1881, Pozaldez, Spain
Nationality: Spanish
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer; union organizer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1910.
Affiliation: IWW

Emigrated first to the U.S.-controlled Panama Canal Zone in 1908 and then to the United States in 1910. After joining the Industrial Workers of the World in California in 1911, he organized Spanish-speaking workers across Southern California and led a major citrus workers’ strike in Covina from January to February 1919. Arrested and sentenced to thirty days in jail for assault during the strike. Arrested again in February 1919 for allegedly violating the Espionage Act, he was never brought to trial but was deported later that year.

In 1932 he was living in Málaga and subscribing to the anarchist magazine Estudios published in Valencia.

Sources: FBI file OG 8000-96994; Nelson Van Valen, “The Bolsheviki and the Orange Growers,” Pacific Historical Review 22, no. 1 (1953); David M. Struthers, The World in a City: Multiethnic Radicalism in Early Twentieth-Century Los Angeles; Estudios: Generación Consciente, October 1932.

Prokofen Savach (a.k.a. Peter Sawich, Savitch)

Born: 1889, Minsk, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to Canada 1914; then to US 1918
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

His wife remained in Russia while he emigrated to Canada in 1914, where he joined the Union of Russian Workers, and then entered the United States in 1918, later residing in Seattle. Questioned about his citizenship, he replied “I don’t see any reason why I should change my nationality. Being an American citizen, I would have to work just as hard as if I was a Russian.” He was deported to Russia on January 22, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54860/412.

Sergei Savchuk (or Savshuk)

Born: 1894, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Longshoreman
Migration: Immigrated to US 1912
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined Branch No. 1 of the Union of Russian Workers in Baltimore in 1918. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he was deported aboard the transport Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54709/583; FBI file OG 376569.

Mieczyslaw Savitsky (a.k.a. Michael; Savitzky; Sawicki)

This image has an empty alt attribute; its file name is image-21.png
Savitsky’s URW membership card. National Archives

Born: 1887, Lesnoy, Minsk, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Polish
Occupation: Machinist
Migration: Immigrated to US 1911
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Likely involved in anarchist activity in Russia before emigrating.

In the United States he worked for Gould & Eberhardt in Irvington, New Jersey. He served on the organizing committee of the Newark branch of the Union of Russian Workers. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he participated in a hunger strike at Ellis Island protesting a wire screen separating detainees from visitors and was deported aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919.

In Petrograd he was arrested in June 1923 during Soviet raids on anarchists, imprisoned for seven weeks, and joined fourteen others in a hunger strike before being sentenced to two years’ internal exile in Pyatigorsk.

Sources: INS file 54709/348; FBI file OG 378917; Behind the Bars (New York), January 1924; International Committee for Political Prisoners, Letters from Russian Prisons; G.P. Maximoff, The Guillotine at Work: Twenty Years of Terror in Russia (Data and Documents).

Petr Stepanovich Savko (a.k.a. Sawka)

Born: c. 1893, Zagorie region, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: .
Occupation: Machinist
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Became a member and secretary of the Russian Branch of the Communist Party in Waterbury, Connecticut. Deported to Russia on January 22, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54861/328.

Andrey Savruk (a.k.a. Andrew Sawruk)

Born: 1892, Austria-Hungary (present-day Ukraine)
Nationality: Hungarian
Ethnicity: Ukrainian
Occupation: Typesetter
Migration: Immigrated to US 1910
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Around 1917 he joined the Socialist Party of America and in 1919 transferred into the Communist Party of America while living in Detroit. Deported to Hungary on May 8, 1920.

Sources: INS file 54325/36G; FBI file OG 385566.

Timofey Saychenko

Born: Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration:
Affiliation:

Deported to Russia as a radical on December 12, 1920. No further information has been located.

Sources: INS file 54325/36G.

Giuseppe Scali

Giuseppe Scali, c. 1920. Archivio Centrale dello Stato, Italy.

Born: 1874, Pisa, Italy
Nationality: Italian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1906
Affiliation: Anarchist

By 1900 he was already active in distributing anarchist publications. After briefly relocating to Corsica in 1901, he settled in Carrara, Italy, where he became the first editor of the anarchist newspaper Combattiamo! (1902–1904). In 1903 he moved to Lucerne to avoid arrest for defamation charges, and in 1906 emigrated to the United States.

By 1907 he was living in San Francisco, collaborating on the individualist anarchist paper Nihil and joining the Gruppo Iconoclasti, later reorganized as the Gruppo Anarchico Volontà aligned with Luigi Galleani. Arrested in October 1916 with other Italian radicals for disturbing the peace, he received a ninety-day sentence. Arrested again in May 1918 during raids targeting Galleani’s associates, he was released on bail. Asked whether he had ever advocated anarchy, he replied, “Yes, whenever I had a chance.” Detained again after posting bail for fellow anarchist Michele Centrone, after a month he wrote to conservative Congressman Albert Johnson requesting that his deportation be expedited. Deported to Italy June 19, 1920.

Back in Italy he remained under government surveillance until 1929 and was reportedly still an anarchist, though no longer politically active.

Sources: INS file 54379/313; CPC busta 4652; Cronaca Sovversica; Maurizio Antonioli et al., Dizionario biografico degli anarchici italiani.

Scarlett to Schnabel

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Sam Scarlett (Samuel)

Sam Scarlett, 1918. National Archives.

Born: 1883, Kilmarnock, Scotland
Nationality: British
Ethnicity: Scottish
Occupation: Machinist; union organizer
Migration: Immigrated to Canada 1903; then to US 1904
Affiliation: IWW

Originally a member of the International Association of Machinists, he was radicalized and joined the Industrial Workers of the World in 1911, becoming a prominent speaker and organizer reportedly arrested about 160 times. Among these arrests was his detention during the 1916 strike on the Mesabi Iron Range on murder charges that were later dropped. A defendant in the federal IWW trial of 1917–1918, he was sentenced to twenty years’ imprisonment and a $20,000 fine. His sentence was commuted in 1923 on condition of deportation, and he was deported to England in April of that year.

That August he emigrated to Canada and resumed organizing for the IWW in the Vancouver area, especially among miners. Canadian authorities attempted to deport him in 1924 using evidence supplied by US immigration officials, but the case was dropped. In 1931 he joined the Communist Party of Canada. He became an organizer for the party’s Mine Workers’ Union of Canada and was arrested in connection with the violent Estevan strike of October 1931, receiving a one-year sentence that damaged his health. Around 1938 he became chairman of the party in Toronto and of its newspaper The Clarion. When the party was outlawed in 1940, Scarlett lived underground and clandestinely entered the United States, where he remained illegally until his death in 1941.

Sources: INS file 54616/49; Industrial Workers of the World Collection, Walter P. Reuther Library, Wayne State University; Daily Worker, October 2, 1931; Donald H. Avery, “British-Born ‘Radicals’ in North America, 1900-1941: The Case of Sam Scarlett,” Canadian Ethnic Studies/Etudes Ethniques Au Canada 10, no. 2 (1978); Barbara Ann Roberts, Whence They Came: Deportation from Canada, 1900-1935.

Alexander Schatz (or Shatz; a.k.a. Harry)

Born: 1884, Kiev, Russia (present-day Ukraine)
Nationality:
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Printer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1909
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Around 1917 he joined Branch No. 1 of the Union of Russian Workers in New York. A member of the editorial board of Khleb i Volia and brother of fellow URW member Boris Schatz, he was arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919. During questioning he declared, “I consider myself a citizen and a laborer wherever I work and wherever I live.” He was deported aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919, leaving behind his wife and stepchild in the U.S.

Sources: INS file 54709/128.

Boris Schatz (or Shatz)

Born: 1894, Russia (probably in present-day Ukraine)
Nationality:
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Photographer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1911
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

In 1917 he joined Branch No. 1 of the Union of Russian Workers in New York City. He served on the editorial board of the organization’s newspaper Khleb i Volia and was the brother of fellow member and deportee Alexander Schatz. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, the stress of his detention reportedly caused his wife Elsie to miscarry. He was deported aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919, while Elsie remained in New York.

Sources: INS file 54709/278; FBI file OG 378924; Constantine M. Panunzio, The Deportation Cases of 1919-1920.

John Carl Schedel

John Carl Schedel, 1920. Fort Wayne Sentinel, September 1, 1920.

Born: 1885, Munich, Germany
Nationality: German
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Piano polisher
Migration: Immigrated to US 1903
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

In August 1914 he reportedly registered with the German consulate in Cincinnati to join the German Army, yet he simultaneously became active in American radical politics, serving as county secretary of the Socialist Party of America in Fort Wayne, Indiana and later joining the Communist Party of America. Described as “a very radical socialist ” who “and “during the war caused considerable trouble at the Packard Piano Company where he his employed,” he was arrested in 1920 for declaring he would rather live in Russia “where all is freedom” than in the United States. Deported May 22, 1920, leaving behind a pregnant wife and four American-born children; shortly afterward their newborn died and his wife was temporarily declared insane.

In Germany he reportedly joined the merchant marine and then traveled to Russia, where he claimed to have joined the Red Army and worked as an interpreter near Soviet leaders. After about a year he returned to Germany disillusioned with Soviet rule. In May 1921 he stowed away from Rotterdam to New York but was ordered deported again; disembarking in England, he was jailed for a month and undertook a hunger strike. After several failed attempts he reentered the United States in 1924 via Mexico. Arrested in Chicago for unlawful entry, he was defended by the American Civil Liberties Union and pursued multiple appeals until his deportation warrant was dropped. He died in Chicago in November 1968.

Sources: FBI file OG 341493; Fort Wayne Sentinel, September 1, 1920; Garrett Clipper (Garrett, IN), July 4, 1921; American Civil Liberties Union, Annual Report, 1924; Indianapolis Star, January 21, 1925; Chicago Tribune, November 7, 1968.

Nathan Schechter (or Shechter; Shacter)

Born: 1884, Minsk region, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: Jewish
Occupation:
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

His wife remained in Russia when he emigrated to the United States in 1913. In September 1919 he joined Russian Branch No. 5 of the Communist Party of America in New York. Arrested in December 1919 for “criminal anarchy” and released on bail, he was arrested again during the second Palmer Raids in January 1920. He told an immigration inspector “I consider the entire capitalist system to be rotten, and it ought to be abolished,” and protested being deported as a criminal, insisting he could pay his own passage if forced to leave. After four months’ detention on Ellis Island he became a leader of protests among detained radicals and was placed in a separate cell, prompting others to threaten a hunger strike. He was deported to Russia on February 1, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54811/424.

Raffaele Schiavina (a.k.a. Max Sartin; Melchior Steele; Bruno)

Raffaele Schiavina, 1920s. Archives Nationales, France.

Born: 1895, San Carlo, Ferrara, Italy
Nationality: Italian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Bookkeeper
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Anarchist

Attended an Italian business school until age nineteen and initially a socialist.

Emigrated to the United States in 1913 and became an anarchist the following year. In 1916 he became bookkeeper for Luigi Galleani’s newspaper Cronaca Sovversiva in Lynn, becoming a close associate and contributor. Arrested in 1916 for inciting to riot but acquitted, he was arrested again in 1918 for refusing draft registration and sentenced to one year in the Middlesex County House of Correction. Upon release in March 1919 he was detained for deportation and described by a federal judge as “one of the most dangerous men with whom he has had to deal.” Deported to Italy June 24, 1919, with Galleani and other associates.

Back in Italy he was briefly jailed for draft evasion, then settled in Turin, where he helped revive Cronaca Sovversiva (January–October 1920) until it was suppressed. Arrested in 1921 alongside several Communists and falsely accused of leading Turin’s paramilitary Arditi del Popolo sections, but all defendants were acquitted. In March 1923 he emigrated illegally to France; in Paris he published the anarchist newspapers Il Monito and La Difesa per Sacco e Vanzetti.

He returned clandestinely to the United States in 1928 under various pseudonyms and edited the anarchist paper L’Adunata dei Refrattari in New York and New Jersey from 1928 until 1971. He died in Salt Lake City in 1987.

Sources: INS file 54391/81; CPC busta 4690; Max Sartin, “Breve autobiografia,” Bollettino Archivio G. Pinelli, no. 13 (August 1999); Paul Avrich, Sacco and Vanzetti: The Anarchist Background; Maurizio Antonioli et al., Dizionario biografico degli anarchici italiani.

Andrew Schkurski (or Schkursky; Shkursky)

Born: 1896, Minsk, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Crane operator
Migration: Immigrated to US 1914
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Became a member of the Russian Branch No. 1 of the Communist Party in Milwaukee, serving as its delegate to the party’s City Central Committee. Deported to Russia February 26, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54809/196.

Adolph Schnabel

Adolph Schnabel, 1919. National Archives.

Born: 1882, Kharkiv, Russia (present-day Ukraine)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: German
Occupation: Machinist; sailor
Migration: Immigrated to US 1907
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

The child of German immigrants to Russia, he participated in socialist organizations in Ukraine during the Russian Revolution of 1905–1907 before emigrating to the United States in 1907.

Married Helena Ring in Philadelphia in 1913 and cofounded the Union of Russian Workers the following year, editing several of its newspapers and serving as national secretary prior to Peter Bianki. Arrested in Chicago in June 1917 for allegedly circulating anti-draft literature, the charge was dismissed for lack of evidence. He was later arrested in Duquesne, Pennsylvania for holding a street meeting without a permit. After recovering from influenza in 1919 he was arrested again in New York for deportation; released on bail, he reportedly traveled through New York and New Jersey organizing anarchist clubs. Returned to detention on Ellis Island, he participated in a hunger strike protesting conditions and was deported aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919.

His wife petitioned to be deported as well, though whether she was is unclear. In Russia Schnabel was active in anarchist organizations in Ukraine before leaving the movement; in 1931 he joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Arrested in Moscow during the purges in 1937 as an alleged German spy, he was shot in a mass execution.

Sources: INS file 54616/29; Freedom (New York), October–November, 1919; Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America; https://anarhia.club/forum/viewtopic.php?p=363546; https://ru.openlist.wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_(1882)

Schwartzwalder to Sergi

Red Scare Deportees, , , , , ,

George Schwartzwalder

Born: 1882, Baden, Germany
Nationality: German
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer; sailor
Migration: Immigrated to US 1910
Affiliation: IWW

George Schwartzwalder migrated repeatedly across Europe in his youth, living in Austria, Russia, and Italy before returning to Germany, where he served three years in the army and later worked as a sailor between Germany and Argentina.

Immigrated to the United States in 1910 and lived as a migrant laborer. Although sympathetic to the Industrial Workers of the World since 1915, he formally joined the organization only in December 1918 in Kansas City. He was also a personal friend of Joe Hill. Classified as an “enemy alien” during World War I, he was arrested in Bartlesville in February 1919 and interrogated for five hours before being released, then arrested again the following month in Muskogee, Oklahoma, where he lost thirty to forty pounds in unsanitary jail conditions. He told officials he hated the Kaiser because “he represented the capitalist class in Germany” and declared “he would not fight for any country, that he felt no patriotism for any country.” Deported to Germany January 7, 1920.

Sources: INS file 54616/107; FBI files OG 211405 and 346328.

Stepan Schwetz (a.k.a. Stephen; Shvets; Shoetz)

Schwetz’s Communist Party membership card. National Archives.

Born: c. 1885, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: .
Occupation: Tailor
Migration: Immigrated to US 1912
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Jumped ship in the United States in 1913 from the steamship Czar. Settling in Baltimore, he married and joined the Russian Branch of the Socialist Party before transferring into the Communist Party of America. Deported to Russia February 1, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54810/337.

George Sechke (or Sechko)

Born: Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation:
Migration:
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

A member of the Communist Party of America in New York City. He was deported to Russia December 23, 1920. No further information has been located.

Sources: INS file 54325/36G; Minneapolis Star, December 27, 1920.

Vasily Sedov (a.k.a. Vasil Sedoff)

Born: 1885, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: .
Occupation:
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Already a radical in Russia before emigrating.

His wife and child remained in Russia when he emigrated. He became a member of the Union of Russian Workers in Seattle. Deported to Russia January 22, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54860/408; FBI file OG 386687.

Mike Seegan (a.k.a. Semon; Michael Seegunoff)

Born: 1889, Orlovo, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Carpenter; machinist; upholsterer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the Union of Russian Workers in New York City in 1919. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he was deported aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54709/113.

Feodor Semenchuk (a.k.a. Frank)

Born: 1895, Grodno Governorate, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity: .
Occupation: Factory worker
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Became secretary of Russian Branch No. 6 of the Communist Party in Argo. Arrested in Chicago in January 1920, he was deported to Russia March 18, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54860/596; FBI file OG 375725.

Andy Sereck (a.k.a. Andrew; Sirik; Savick)

Born: 1885, Vilna Governorate, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Metalworker
Migration: Immigrated to Canada 1913; then to US 1916
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers (alleged)

Emigrated first to Canada in 1913 and then to the United States in 1916, leaving a wife and child in Russia. Authorities claimed he admitted joining the Union of Russian Workers in Youngstown in August 1919, though he later denied this. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he was deported on the basis of his stated belief in “sabotage” abroad on the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54709/185.

Alexander Serevetnik

Born: 1892, “Village of Rodzehov,” Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

Joined the Union of Russian Workers branch in Bridgeport, Connecticut. Arrested during the first Palmer Raids in November 1919, he was deported aboard the Buford on December 21, 1919.

Sources: INS file 54709/411.

Ivan Sergeyenko (a.k.a. John)

Born: 1888, Russia
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Union of Russian Workers

His wife remained in Russia when he emigrated. Joined the Union of Russian Workers branch in Donora, Pennsylvania. Allegedly betrayed by former URW member Stefan Zhuk, after Zhuk was arrested in Donora for stealing chickens. (Neither his INS file nor his FBI file confirm this, although he was identified by an undercover Bureau of Investigation agent, Michael Yankovitch.) Found in possession of URW literature when arrested, he was allegedly “beaten half to death” by police. Convicted under Pennsylvania’s sedition law, he was then deported to Russia February 26, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54885/31; FBI file OG 389087; Volna (New York), May 1921 (with thanks to Malcolm Archibald).

Evdokin Sergeychik

Born: 1896, Grodno, Russia (present-day Belarus)
Nationality: Russian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Laborer
Migration: Immigrated to US 1913
Affiliation: Communist Party of America

Became a member, and later branch secretary, of the Socialist Party in Pittsburgh before transferring into the Communist Party of America. He was deported to Russia February 26, 1921.

Sources: INS file 54861/301.

Salvatore Sergi

Born: 1890, Melito di Porto Salvo, Italy
Nationality: Italian
Ethnicity:
Occupation: Tailor; barber
Migration: Immigrated to US 1912
Affiliation: Anarchist

Became an anarchist after immigrating to the U.S. in 1912, subscribing to Luigi Galleani’s Cronaca Sovversiva. He opened his own barbershop in Trenton and was arrested in May 1918. Describing himself as a “philosophical anarchist,” he insisted he opposed violence and believed in “educating the people through teaching and preaching and by schools by not by violence.” Deported to Italy June 14, 1919.

Italian authorities recorded no political activity by him through 1936. In 1937 he was jailed for alleged involvement in the murder of a man named Vincenzo Mallamo. In 1968 he donated funds to the anarchist magazine Volontà.

Sources: INS file 54379/326; CPC busta 4759; https://books.google.com/books?id=twZbAAAAMAAJ&q=%22salvatore+Sergi%22+%2B+anarchico&dq=%22salvatore+Sergi%22+%2B+anarchico&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjQ98D27YHbAhVG-6wKHQJ-AVEQ6AEIKTAA.